Active drops driven by surface and polymorphic phase transitions: Current understanding and emerging perspectives

Diana Cholakova

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
Volume 345, November 2025, 103624

• Surface and polymorphic phase transitions enable dynamic behavior in emulsion droplets.

• Self-shaping occurs when the surfactant adsorption layer freezes before bulk nucleation begins.
• Fluid, frozen, polymeric, and composite particles with complex shapes can be prepared.
• Spontaneous bursting during freeze-thaw cycles produces submicron particles as small as 20 nm from coarse emulsions.
• Alternatively, double w/o/w droplets form, depending on the wetting properties of the surfactant solution.

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