Tim Bayne, Anil K. Seth, Marcello Massimini, Joshua Shepherd, Axel Cleeremans, Stephen M. Fleming, Rafael Malach, Jason B. Mattingley, David K. Menon, Adrian M. Owen, Megan A.K. Peters, Adeel Razi, Liad Mudrik

Trends in Cognitive Science

Which systems/organisms are conscious? New tests for consciousness (‘C-tests’) are
urgently needed. There is persisting uncertainty about when consciousness arises in
human development, when it is lost due to neurological disorders and brain injury,
and how it is distributed in nonhuman species. This need is amplified by recent and
rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI), neural organoids, and xenobot
technology. Although a number of C-tests have been proposed in recent years, most
are of limited use, and currently we have no C-tests for many of the populations in
which they are most urgently needed. Here, we identify challenges facing any attempt
to develop C-tests, propose a multidimensional classification of such tests, and identify
strategies that might be used to validate them.

Read the full article at: www.cell.com

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