In recent years, studies of long-range interacting (LRI) systems have taken centre stage in the arena of statistical mechanics and dynamical system studies, due to new theoretical developments involving tools from as diverse a field as kinetic theory, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, and large deviation theory, but also due to new and exciting experimental realizations of LRI systems. In this invited contribution, we discuss the general features of long-range interactions, emphasizing in particular the main physical phenomenon of non-additivity, which leads to a plethora of distinct effects, both thermodynamic and dynamic, that are not observed with short-range interactions: Ensemble inequivalence, slow relaxation, broken ergodicity. We also discuss several physical systems with long-range interactions: mean-field spin systems, self-gravitating systems, Euler equations in two dimensions, Coulomb systems, one-component electron plasma, dipolar systems, free-electron lasers, atoms trapped in optical cavities.

 

The world of long-range interactions: A bird’s eye view
Shamik Gupta, Stefano Ruffo

Source: arxiv.org

This paper considers questions about continuity and discontinuity between life and mind. It begins by examining such questions from the perspective of the free energy principle (FEP). The FEP is becoming increasingly influential in neuroscience and cognitive science. It says that organisms act to maintain themselves in their expected biological and cognitive states, and that they can do so only by minimizing their free energy given that the long-term average of free energy is entropy. The paper then argues that there is no singular interpretation of the FEP for thinking about the relation between life and mind. Some FEP formulations express what we call an independence view of life and mind. One independence view is a cognitivist view of the FEP. It turns on information processing with semantic content, thus restricting the range of systems capable of exhibiting mentality. Other independence views exemplify what we call an overly generous non-cognitivist view of the FEP, and these appear to go in the opposite direction. That is, they imply that mentality is nearly everywhere. The paper proceeds to argue that non-cognitivist FEP, and its implications for thinking about the relation between life and mind, can be usefully constrained by key ideas in recent enactive approaches to cognitive science. We conclude that the most compelling account of the relationship between life and mind treats them as strongly continuous, and that this continuity is based on particular concepts of life (autopoiesis and adaptivity) and mind (basic and non-semantic).

 

Kirchhoff, M.D.; Froese, T. Where There is Life There is Mind: In Support of a Strong Life-Mind Continuity Thesis. Entropy 2017, 19, 169.

Source: www.mdpi.com

In this study, the effect of assortativity on the robustness and efficiency of interconnected networks was investigated. This involved constructing a network that possessed the desired degree of assortativity. Additionally, an interconnected network was constructed wherein the assortativity between component networks possessed the desired value. With respect to single networks, the results indicated that a decrease in assortativity provided low hop length, high information diffusion efficiency, and distribution of communication load on edges. The study also revealed that excessive assortativity led to poor network performance. In the study, the assortativity between networks was defined and the following results were demonstrated: assortative connections between networks lowered the average hop length and enhanced information diffusion efficiency, whereas disassortative connections between networks distributed the communication loads of internetwork links and enhanced robustness. Furthermore, it is necessary to carefully adjust assortativity based on the node degree distribution of networks. Finally, the application of the results to the design of robust and efficient information networks was discussed.

 

Robustness and efficiency in interconnected networks with changes in network assortativity
Masaya Murakami, Shu Ishikura, Daichi Kominami, Tetsuya Shimokawa and Masayuki Murata
Applied Network Science 2017 2:6
DOI: 10.1007/s41109-017-0025-4

Source: appliednetsci.springeropen.com

Many real-world systems are profitably described as complex networks that grow over time. Preferential attachment and node fitness are two ubiquitous growth mechanisms that not only explain certain structural properties commonly observed in real-world systems, but are also tied to a number of applications in modeling and inference. While there are standard statistical packages for estimating the structural properties of complex networks, there is no corresponding package when it comes to the estimation of growth mechanisms. This paper introduces the R package PAFit, which implements well-established statistical methods for estimating preferential attachment and node fitness, as well as a number of functions for generating complex networks from these two mechanisms. The main computational part of the package is implemented in C++ with OpenMP to ensure good performance for large-scale networks. In this paper, we first introduce the main functionalities of PAFit using simulated examples, and then use the package to analyze a collaboration network between scientists in the field of complex networks.

 

PAFit: An R Package for Modeling and Estimating Preferential Attachment and Node Fitness in Temporal Complex Networks
Thong Pham, Paul Sheridan, Hidetoshi Shimodaira

Source: arxiv.org