Complexity Digest 2009.01

04-Jan-2009

Happy New Year 2009!
To all our readers, contributors, and friends!
We are now entering the 10th year of publication of Complexity Digest and we are proud that over the years we could keep up the weekly schedule only occasionally interrupted by an accident and illness of the Editor in Chief. Unfortunately my health situation got worse, so there will be some changes and in the short term we might have to switch to a bi-weekly schedule. We will keep you posted. Thank you all for your support.

PDF files of our annual editions are available at www.comdig.de/AnnualEditions.html

Aletter from Gottfried Mayer to our readers and friends is at http://www.comdig.de/GMLetter.html

For individual e-mail subscriptions go to Subscriptions.
Previous issue 2008.99 | Next issue 2009.02

Content

  1. The New Boss In Town, Nature News
    1. Does Allocation Of Public Spending Matter In Poverty Reduction? Evidence From Thailand, Asian Econ. J.
  2. When Does Optional Participation Allow The Evolution Of Cooperation?, Proc. Biol. Sc.
    1. Calculated Reciprocity After All: Computation Behind Token Transfers In Orang-Utans, Biol. Lett.
  3. New Challenges In Content Dissemination Networks, Bell Labs Tech. J.
  4. NSF Rethinks Its Digital Library, Science
    1. Technology and Informal Education: What Is Taught, What Is Learned, Science
    2. Education: Farewell, Lecture?, Science
    3. Laptop Programs for Students, Science
  5. How The City Hurts Your Brain ... And What You Can Do About It, Boston.com
  6. Why Are (The Best) Women So Good At Chess? Participation Rates And Gender Differences In Intellectual Domains, Proc. Biol. Sc.
  7. Another Reason To Avoid High-Fat Diet - It Can Disrupt Our Biological Clock, Innovations-report
    1. Nutrigenomics: Developing Personalized Diets For Disease Prevention, Science Daily
  8. Songs From The Sea: Deciphering Dolphin Language with Picture Words, Alphagalileo
  9. Religion May Have Evolved Because Of Its Ability To Help People Exercise Self-Control, PhysOrg.com
  10. Our Unconscious Brain Makes The Best Decisions Possible, Science Daily
  11. Mathematical Models Of Adaptive Immunity, ScienceDaily
  12. Cancer: Inflaming Metastasis, Nature
  13. Dormant Cancer Cells Rely On Cellular Self-Cannibalization To Survive, PhysOrg.com
  14. Honeybees As Plant 'Bodyguards', ScienceDaily
  15. Small Molecule Triggers Bacterial Community, Innovations-report
  16. Grounding Planes After The 11 September Attacks May Not Have Caused Unusual Temperature Effects., Nature
  17. McDonnell Foundation Announces 2008 Grants for The 21st Century Science Initiative Awards, MarketWatch
  18. The Year In Materials Stretchable Electronics And The Strongest Material Ever Were Just Two Achievements Of 2008., Technology Review
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Other Publications
    2. Webcast Announcements
    3. Conference Announcements
    4. Other Announcements

  1. The New Boss In Town, Nature News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: (...) two of president-elect Barack Obama's foreign-policy aides, who were working unobtrusively on their laptops at one of the small tables. "What are you doing here?" I asked, thinking that the first Saturday after a two-year campaign might be a day off. But they didn't comment about being at work. They said that the campaign office had now shut down and the transition office wasn't ready yet - so they had to work somewhere.

    1. Does Allocation Of Public Spending Matter In Poverty Reduction? Evidence From Thailand, Asian Econ. J. Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The present paper uses a panel dataset to estimate the marginal returns to different types of government expenditure on agricultural growth and rural poverty reduction in Thailand. The study finds that additional government spending on agricultural research provides the largest return in terms of agricultural productivity and has the second largest impact on rural poverty reduction. Increased investment in rural electrification has the largest poverty reduction impact, mainly through improved nonfarm employment. Rural education has the third largest impact on both productivity and poverty reduction. (...). Government spending on rural roads has no significant impact on agricultural productivity and its poverty reduction impact ranks last (...).

  2. When Does Optional Participation Allow The Evolution Of Cooperation?, Proc. Biol. Sc. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Altruistic punishment has been shown to invade when rare if individuals are allowed to opt out of cooperative ventures. Individuals that opt out do not contribute to the common enterprise or derive benefits from it. This result is potentially significant because it offers an explanation for the origin of large-scale cooperation in one-shot interactions among unrelated individuals. Here, we show that this result is not a general consequence of optional participation in cooperative activities, but depends on special assumptions about cooperative pay-offs. We extend the pay-off structure of optional participation models to consider the effects of economies and diseconomies (...).

    1. Calculated Reciprocity After All: Computation Behind Token Transfers In Orang-Utans, Biol. Lett. Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Transfers and services are frequent in the animal kingdom. However, there is no clear evidence in animals that such transactions are based on weighing costs and benefits when giving or returning favours and keeping track of them over time (i.e. calculated reciprocity). We tested two orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in a token-exchange paradigm, in which each individual could exchange a token for food with the experimenter but only after first obtaining the token from the other orang-utan. Each orang-utan possessed tokens valuable to their partner but useless to themselves. Both orang-utans actively transferred numerous tokens (mostly partner-valuable) to their partner. (...)

  3. New Challenges In Content Dissemination Networks, Bell Labs Tech. J. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Recent changes in the production and use of multimedia content have fostered development of new ways to distribute this material to consumers. In particular, the increasing demand for this content has led to the design and deployment of new content distribution networks. The latest examples of these networks take advantage of new technological underpinnings. For example, they typically make use of larger, less expensive storage, and many incorporate peer-to-peer distribution technologies. The key challenges in designing this new generation of content distribution networks involve responding to changes in not only memory and network resources, but also content availability and popularity. (...)

  4. NSF Rethinks Its Digital Library, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: A $175 million investment by the U.S. National Science Foundation has fostered collaboration and created vast amounts of material. But the digital world is changing. (...)

    The software, called Instructional Architect (IA), is one of hundreds of research projects funded by NSF's National Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (NSDL) program.

    NSDL was launched in 2000 to help scientists and science educators tap into the rapidly expanding online world.

    1. Technology and Informal Education: What Is Taught, What Is Learned, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Which specific factor is most important in raising IQ performance at a given time and place depends on the locus of social change occurring then and there (6, 8). Increasing levels of formal education and urbanization were particularly important in the United States and Europe in the first half of the 20th century (9, 10). More recently, technological change may have taken the dominant role.

      The changing balance of media technologies has led to losses as well as gains. For example, as verbal IQ has risen, verbal SATs have fallen.

    2. Education: Farewell, Lecture?, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: A physics professor describes his evolution from lecturing to dynamically engaging students during class and improving how they learn. (...)

      Reflecting on my own education, I believe that I also often relied on rote memorization. Information transmitted in lectures stayed in my brain until I had to draw upon it for an exam. I once heard somebody describe the lecture method as a process whereby the lecture notes of the instructor get transferred to the notebooks of the students without passing through the brains of either (3). That is essentially what is happening in classrooms around the globe.

    3. Laptop Programs for Students, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: To measure the extent to which a laptop or other technology program is effective, one must know the goals against which success is measured as well as the outcomes. One would also like to have information about the nature and quality of the program design and about details of implementation so that reasons why programs do or do not work can be better understood (6). Gathering and analyzing all of those data is expensive and a challenge.

  5. How The City Hurts Your Brain ... And What You Can Do About It, Boston.com Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Recent research by scientists at the Santa Fe Institute used a set of complex mathematical algorithms to demonstrate that the very same urban features that trigger lapses in attention and memory -- the crowded streets, the crushing density of people -- also correlate with measures of innovation, as strangers interact with one another in unpredictable ways. It is the "concentration of social interactions" that is largely responsible for urban creativity, according to the scientists.

  6. Why Are (The Best) Women So Good At Chess? Participation Rates And Gender Differences In Intellectual Domains, Proc. Biol. Sc. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: A popular explanation for the small number of women at the top level of intellectually demanding activities from chess to science appeals to biological differences in the intellectual abilities of men and women. An alternative explanation is that the extreme values in a large sample are likely to be greater than those in a small one. Although the performance of the 100 best German male chess players is better than that of the 100 best German women, we show that 96 per cent of the observed difference would be expected given the much greater number of men who play chess. (...)

  7. Another Reason To Avoid High-Fat Diet - It Can Disrupt Our Biological Clock, Innovations-report Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Indulgence in a high-fat diet can not only lead to overweight because of excessive calorie intake, but also can affect the balance of circadian rhythms - everyone's 24-hour biological clock, Hebrew University of Jerusalem researchers have shown. The biological clock regulates the expression and/or activity of enzymes and hormones involved in metabolism, and disturbance of the clock can lead to such phenomena as hormone imbalance, obesity, psychological and sleep disorders and cancer. (...) tested whether the clock controls the adiponectin signaling pathway in the liver and, if so, how fasting and a high-fat diet affect this control. (...)

    1. Nutrigenomics: Developing Personalized Diets For Disease Prevention, Science Daily Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The emerging field of nutrigenomics, which aims to identify the genetic factors that influence the body's response to diet and studies how the bioactive constituents of food affect gene expression, is explored in a series of interdisciplinary reports and analyses in the December 2008 Special Issue (Volume 12, number 4) of OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology.

      Nutrigenomic's bidirectional approach to investigating how the genetic traits of an individual or population interact with their diet offers many possibilities for targeted clinical interventions and preventive medicine.

  8. Songs From The Sea: Deciphering Dolphin Language with Picture Words, Alphagalileo Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The CymaGlyphs of dolphin sounds fall into three broad categories, signature whistles, chirps and click trains. There is general agreement among cetacean biologists that signature whistles represent the means by which individual dolphins identify themselves while click trains are involved in echolocation. Chirps are thought to represent components of language. Reid explained the visual form of the various dolphin sounds, "The CymaGlyphs of signature whistles comprise regular concentric bands of energy that resemble aircraft radar screens while chirps are often flower-like in structure, resembling the CymaGlyphs of human vocalizations.

  9. Religion May Have Evolved Because Of Its Ability To Help People Exercise Self-Control, PhysOrg.com Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts:

    * Religious rituals such as prayer and meditation affect the parts of the human brain that are most important for self-regulation and self-control;

    * When people view their goals as "sacred," they put more energy and effort into pursuing those goals, and therefore, are probably more effective at attaining them;

    * Religious lifestyles may contribute to self-control by providing people with clear standards for their behavior, by causing people to monitor their own behavior more closely, and by giving people the sense that God is watching their behavior;

    * The fact that religious people tend to be higher in self-control helps explain why religious people are less likely to misuse drugs and alcohol and experience problems with crime and delinquency.

  10. Our Unconscious Brain Makes The Best Decisions Possible, Science Daily Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: (...) has shown that people do indeed make optimal decisions - but only when their unconscious brain makes the choice.

    "A lot of the early work in this field was on conscious decision making, but most of the decisions you make aren't based on conscious reasoning," says Pouget. "You don't consciously decide to stop at a red light or steer around an obstacle in the road. Once we started looking at the decisions our brains make without our knowledge, we found that they almost always reach the right decision, given the information they had to work with."

  11. Mathematical Models Of Adaptive Immunity, ScienceDaily Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: More than five million people die every year from infectious diseases, despite the availability of numerous antibiotics and vaccines. The discovery of penicillin to treat bacterial infections, along with the development of vaccines for previously incurable virus diseases such as polio and smallpox, achieved great reductions in mortality during the mid-20th century. Recently, spectacular advances in medical imaging combined with mathematical tools for modelling the human immune system have provided a base for a new push against infectious disease. (...)

  12. Cancer: Inflaming Metastasis, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Cancer can be defined by six hallmarks, including uncontrollable growth, immortality and the ability to invade other tissues. Increasing evidence suggests that a seventh feature should make this list - inflammation.

    Malignant tumours are characterized by their ability to metastasize, that is, to invade anatomically distant normal tissues and to seed and grow there. During this complex and highly selective process, tumour cells leave their primary site and disseminate by various routes, such as the blood and lymph vessels.

  13. Dormant Cancer Cells Rely On Cellular Self-Cannibalization To Survive, PhysOrg.com Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: A single tumor-suppressing gene is a key to understanding, and perhaps killing, dormant ovarian cancer cells that persist after initial treatment only to reawaken years later, (...)

    . The team found that expression of a gene called ARHI acts as a switch for autophagy, or self-cannibalization, in ovarian cancer cells. Often a mechanism for cancer cell death, in this case "self-eating" acts as a survival mechanism for dormant cancer cells.

    "Prolonged autophagy is lethal to cancer cells, but a little autophagy can help dormant cancer cells survive, possibly by avoiding starvation," said senior author Robert Bast, M.D., vice president for translational research at M. D. Anderson.

  14. Honeybees As Plant 'Bodyguards', ScienceDaily Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Honeybees are important to plants for reasons that go beyond pollination, according to a new study (...). The insects' buzz also defends plants against the caterpillars that would otherwise munch on them undisturbed. The researchers, (...) earlier found that many caterpillars possess fine sensory hairs on the front portions of their bodies that enable them to detect air vibrations, such as the sound of an approaching predatory wasp or honeybee. "These sensory hairs are not fine-tuned," Tautz said. "Therefore, caterpillars cannot distinguish between hunting wasps and harmless bees." (...)

  15. Small Molecule Triggers Bacterial Community, Innovations-report Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Researchers identify mechanisms behind biofilm formations, with implications for developing new antibiotics. While bacterial cells tend to be rather solitary individuals, they are also known to form intricately structured communities called biofilms. But until now, no one has known the mechanisms that cause isolated bacteria to suddenly aggregate into a social network. New insights (...) reveal previously unknown communication pathways that cause such social phenomenon. The authors note that it's still unclear how biofilm formation benefits the bacteria, and they hypothesize that it might be an antibacterial defense against competing species. Still, the notion that a single small molecule can induce multicellularity intrigues the researchers. (...)

  16. Grounding Planes After The 11 September Attacks May Not Have Caused Unusual Temperature Effects., Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: When all commercial air traffic in the United States was grounded after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, scientists got an unexpected opportunity to test ideas about the climate effects of the condensation trails left behind by jets. (...)

    Aircraft contrails can spread into cirrus-like clouds high in the atmosphere. Similar to natural clouds, they are thought to have an overall warming effect on the planet. But they can also moderate daily temperature extremes by trapping heat that escapes from the ground and reflecting sunlight.

  17. McDonnell Foundation Announces 2008 Grants for The 21st Century Science Initiative Awards, MarketWatch Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The 21st Century Science Initiative also funds research in two other program areas: Brain Cancer Research supporting novel research that will generate new knowledge leading to increased rates of survival and improve functional recovery for individuals with brain cancer; and Studying Complex Systems supporting scholarship and research directed toward the development of theoretical and mathematical tools that can be applied to the study of complex, adaptive, nonlinear systems. (...)

  18. The Year In Materials Stretchable Electronics And The Strongest Material Ever Were Just Two Achievements Of 2008., Technology Review Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts:
    World's strongest material: Researchers who probed single-atom-thick graphene with a sharp diamond tip found that it's the strongest material ever tested. The illustration shows the atomic structure of graphene, a mesh of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Credit: Jeffrey Kysar, Columbia University
    Last month, two separate groups of researchers reported that they had made fast graphene transistors that could be used for wireless communications. Other researchers addressed the problem of manufacturing graphene. Novoselov and his collaborators originally made the single-atom-thick hydrocarbon sheets by crushing graphite between two layers of tape. But more scalable graphene-manufacturing technologies will be needed for the material to be adopted by the chip industry. One group at the University of California, Los Angeles, developed a simple method for making large sheets of graphene by dissolving graphite in hydrazine.

  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Other Publications Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Earthworm Genomes, Genes And Proteins: The (Re)Discovery Of Darwin's Worms, S.R. Stürzenbaum, J. Andre, P. Kille, A.J. Morgan, 2008/12/16, Proceedings B: Biological Sciences, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1510
      2. Visual Areas Of Brain Respond More To Valuable Objects, Brain-imaging Shows, 2008/12/26, ScienceDaily & University of California - San Diego
      3. Men, Women Give To Charity Differently, Says New Research, 2008/12/28, ScienceDaily & Texas A&M University
      4. New Study Calls For Global Project Finance Reform, 2008/12/29, Innovations-report
      5. Facial Expressions Of Emotion Are Innate, Not Learned, 2008/12/30, ScienceDaily & San Francisco State University
      6. The Complexity Of Forecast Testing, L. Fortnow, R. V. Vohra, 77, 1: Online 2008/12/15, Econometrica, DOI: 10.3982/ECTA7163
      7. How Today's Consumers Perceive Tomorrow's Smart Products, S. A. Rijsdijk - srijsdijkarsm.nl, E. J. Hultink, Dec. 2008, online 2008/11/06, Journal of Product Innovation Management, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5885.2009.00332.x

    2. Webcast Announcements Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Can Ants Solve Traffic Jams?, Danielle Parsons, Slatev.com, 08/07/22

        As roads and highways become ever more clogged, Danielle Parsons tells us how researchers are studying ways to learn from nature's own traffic-flow experts: ants.

      2. 7th Intl Conf on Complex Systems (ICCS), Boston, MA, 07/10/28-11/02
      3. Reseau Nationale des Systemes Complexes , (in French), 2007
      4. World Economic Forum , Davos, Switzerland, 08/01/22-27
      5. TED Talks, TED Conferences LLC , since 2006
      6. Talking Robots: The PodCast on Robotics and AI, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland, 06/11/03
      7. Potentials of Complexity Science for Business, Governments, and the Media 2006, Budapest, Hungary, 06/08/03-05
      8. 6th Intl Conf on Complex Systems (ICCS), Boston, MA, 06/06/25-30
      9. Artificial Life X, 10th Intl Conf on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, Bloomington, IN, USA. 2006/06/03-07
      10. 6th Understanding Complex Systems Symposium, Urbana-Champaign, Il, 06/05/15-18
      11. Ralph Abraham on Complexity Digest, , Calcutta, India, 05/12/27
      12. An Afternoon with Michael Crichton, Washington, 05/11/06
      13. Illuminating the Shadow of the Future, Ann Arbor, Mi 05/09/23-25
      14. Open Network of Centres of Excellence in Complex Systems - Brainstorming Meeting, Paris, France 05/09/19-23
      15. Complexity, Science & Society Conference 2005, U. Liverpool, UK 2005/09/11-14
      16. ECAL 2005 - VIIIth European Conference on Artificial Life, Canterbury, Kent, UK 2005/09/5-9
      17. T. Irene Sanders, Executive Director and Founder, The Washington Center for Complexity & Public Policy, 05/08/27, QuickTime video (10:38 min), Podcast
      18. North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity 2005 Conference, Virtual Conference Network, St. Pete's Beach, Florida, 05/06/09-11
      19. Understanding Complex Systems - Computational Complexity and Bioinformatics, Virtual Conference Network, Urbana-Champaign, Il, UIUC, 05/05/16-19
      20. Nonlinearity, Fluctuations, and Complexity, with a celebration of the 65th birthday of Gregoire Nicolis. , Complexity Session, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium, 05/03/16
      21. 1st European Conference on Complex Systems, Torino, Italy, 04/12/5-7
      22. From Autopoiesis to Neurophenomenology: A Tribute to Francisco Varela (1946-2001), Paris, France, 2004/06/18-20
      23. Evolutionary Epistemology, Language, and Culture, Brussels, Belgium, 04/05/26-28
      24. International Conference on Complex Systems 2004, Boston, 04/05/16-21
      25. Nonlinear Dynamics And Chaos: Lab Demonstrations, Strogatz, Steven H., Internet-First University Press, 1994
      26. CERN Webcast Service, Streamed videos of Archived Lectures and Live Events
      27. Dean LeBaron's Archive of Daily Video Commentary, Ongoing Since February 1998
      28. Edge Videos

    3. Conference Announcements Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. NECSI Winter School, Cambridge, MA, 09/01/05-23
      2. Winter School - Chemical Discrimination and Localization using Biologically Based Olfactory Processing, San Diego, CA, 09/01/12-13
      3. COMPLEX'2009, First Intl Conf on Complex Systems: Theory and Applications, Shanghai, China, 09/02/23-25
      4. 3rd Biennial International Transdisciplinary Seminar on the Complexity Approach, Camaguey, Cuba. 09/02/23-27
      5. Models and Simulations 3 Conference, Charlottesville, USA 09/03/05-07
      6. 2nd Conf on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-09.org), Arlington, Virginia, 09/03/06-09
      7. 2009 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,09/03/30-04/02
      8. 7th Annual Bio-IT World Conference & Expo, 09/04/27-29, Boston, MA
      9. 2nd Chaotic Modeling and Simulation International Conference (CHAOS2009), Chania, Crete, Greece, 09/06/01-05
      10. 20th Intl Conf on Noise and Fluctuations, Pisa, Italy, 09/06/14-19
      11. 17th Intl Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics of Electronic Systems (NDES 2009), Rapperswil, Switzerland, 09/06/21-24
      12. 7th Intl Conf on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies: CCCT 2009, Orlando, Florida, USA., 09/07/10-13
      13. The 19th Annual Intl Conf Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology & Life Sciences , Milwaukee, WI USA, 09/07/23-25
      14. 2009 Intl Conf of the System Dynamics Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 09/07/26-30
      15. 5th Intl Conf on Fractals and Dynamic Systems in Geoscience, Townsville, Australia, 09/08/13-14

    4. Other Announcements Bookmark and Share

      1. A short notice from Dean LeBaron

        Dear ComDig Readers,

        Our editor, Dr. Gottfried Mayer, is affectionately esteemed by many of you -- as readers, you know he devotes himself unselfishly to widening our knowledge of complexity science. He was recently diagnosed with advanced colon cancer and given a timetable of a very few years. Knowing Gottfried, you can imagine that, in addition to the customary processes of chemotherapy, he would explore other frontier therapies, especially those arising out of interdisciplinary applications of complexity. These are expensive ... if he can find them.

        Many of you have sent your good wishes and indicated your desire to assist. With Gottfried's permission, I am posting this note with information, below, about how to send contributions to him. Please indicate the source since Gottfried will want to express his warm gratitude.

        I know that Gottfried, the good scientist that he is, will explain from time to time what he is doing and what the results are ... and we will follow his progress with great interest and hope.

        Dean LeBaron
        Publisher, Complexity Digest

        Bank Information:

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