Complexity Digest 2007.31

16-Aug-2007

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Content

  1. Is There Wisdom in Crowds?, NY Times
    1. See Who's Editing Wikipedia - Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign, Wired
  2. Why Guilt Doesn't Keep Some Of Us From Making The Same Mistakes Twice, Innovations-report
    1. Social Science Goes Virtual, Nature
  3. Off to Resorts, and Carrying Their Careers, NY Times
  4. Philosophy Of Science: The Cha-Cha-Cha Theory of Scientific Discovery, Science
    1. Year-round Schools Don't Boost Learning, Study Finds, ScienceDaily
  5. Our Lives, Controlled From Some Guy's Couch, NY Times
    1. Did Life Begin In Space? New Evidence From Comets, Science Daily
  6. Human Evolution: New Fossils Challenge Line of Descent in Human Family Tree, Science
    1. Speaking in Tones, Scientific American Magazine
  7. Biodiversity: World Of Insects, Nature
    1. Prokaryote Phylogeny Meets Taxonomy: An Exhaustive Comparison of Composition Vector Trees with Systematic Bacteriology, SFI Working Papers
    2. Symbiotic Complexity: Discovery Of A Fifth Symbiont In The Attine Ant-Microbe Symbiosis, Biol. Lett.
    3. Adaptive Mutations in Bacteria: High Rate and Small Effects, Science
  8. Systems Neuroscience: Timing Is Everything, Nature
    1. Characterizing the Limits of Human Visual Awareness, Science
    2. Functioning Neurons From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Produced, Science Daily
    3. Chemical Biology: Minds Made Up, ACS Publications
  9. Cancer Biology: Microbial Tumour Fighters, J. Clin. Invest.
    1. Cancer Stem Cells as the Engine of Tumor Progression, SFI Working Papers
  10. Dr. Google and Dr. Microsoft, NY Times
  11. Two Molecular Pharmacologists Create Drugs the Natural Way, Wired
    1. Plant Biology: Jasmonate Perception Machines, Nature
  12. Tracking The Seasons: The Internal Calendars Of Vertebrates, Phil. Tran. Biol. Sc.
  13. Climate Change: Humans and Nature Duel Over the Next Decade's Climate, Science
    1. Improved Surface Temperature Prediction For The Coming Decade From A Global Climate Model, Science
  14. Femtophysics: Double Vision, Nature
    1. Ultrafast Flash Thermal Conductance of Molecular Chains, Science
  15. Quantum Analog Of Ulam's Conjecture Can Guide Molecules, Reactions, PhysOrg.com
    1. Chemistry: Molecules Take the Heat, Science
  16. They've Got Your Number, The Times
  17. Spontaneous Emergence of Modularity in Cellular Networks, SFI Working Papers
    1. Food-Web Complexity Emerging From Ecological Dynamics On Adaptive Networks, J. Theor. Biol.
    2. The Community Structure Of Human Cellular Signaling Network, J. Theor. Biol.
    3. Scaling Metabolic Rate Fluctuations, SFI Working Papers
  18. Allies And Friends: The Trade Policy Review Of The United States, 2006, World Econ.
    1. Mr. Rove Gets Out of Town, NY Times
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
    1. New York City Police Report Explores Homegrown Terrorism, NY Times
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Other Publications
    2. Webcast Announcements
    3. Conference Announcements
    4. Other Announcements
  1. Is There Wisdom in Crowds?, NY Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Now, Stinski wants to do something about that using collective online wisdom in a slightly different way from Rose. His new Web site, called Media Predict, amounts to a virtual stock market for manuscripts, television pilots, rock bands and the like.

    Traders with the equivalent of $5,000 in fantasy cash buy shares in the material they believe in. Whatever rises on this prediction market ought in theory to be the things entertainment moguls should buy and back.

    1. See Who's Editing Wikipedia - Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign, Wired Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: In November 17th, 2005, an anonymous Wikipedia user deleted 15 paragraphs from an article on e-voting machine-vendor Diebold, excising an entire section critical of the company's machines. While anonymous, such changes typically leave behind digital fingerprints offering hints about the contributor, such as the location of the computer used to make the edits.

      In this case, the changes came from an IP address reserved for the corporate offices of Diebold itself. And it is far from an isolated case.

  2. Why Guilt Doesn't Keep Some Of Us From Making The Same Mistakes Twice, Innovations-report Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Many of us experience a tinge of guilt as we delight in feelings of pleasure from our favorite indulgences, like splurging on an expensive handbag or having another drink. We make resolutions: this will be the last time, positively. Yet, in spite of documented ambivalence towards temptation and well-meaning vows not to succumb again, consumers often end up repeating the same or similar choices. A new study (...) examines repeated impulsive behavior despite the presence of guilt (...) they examine the immediate and delayed emotional consequences of engaging in indulgent consumption among both prudent and impulsive consumers. (...)
    1. Social Science Goes Virtual, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Mathematical models could help us re-engage with reality rather than trying to reinvent it. Philip Ball reviews Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life by John H. Miller & Scott E. Page and Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent Based Computational Modeling by Joshua M. Epstein
  3. Off to Resorts, and Carrying Their Careers, NY Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: In places like Nantucket, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Teton County, Idaho, the migrants are creating hybrid communities, implanting urban incomes, tastes, careers, ambitions, restaurants, cultural activities and networking opportunities into small towns that until recently could support none of these, and for which there has been little planning and still no consensus. (...)

    Into quiet resort spots the migrants have come, laptops on their knees: fund managers from New York, software developers from California, consultants, proofreaders, engineers, inventors.

  4. Philosophy Of Science: The Cha-Cha-Cha Theory of Scientific Discovery, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Scientific discoveries are the steps--some small, some big--on the staircase called progress, which has led to a better life for the citizens of the world. Each scientific discovery is made possible by the arrangement of neurons in the brain of one individual and as such is idiosyncratic. In looking back on centuries of scientific discoveries, however, a pattern emerges which suggests that they fall into three categories--Charge, Challenge, and Chance--that combine into a "Cha-Cha-Cha" Theory of Scientific Discovery. (Nonscientific discoveries can be categorized similarly.)
    1. Year-round Schools Don't Boost Learning, Study Finds, ScienceDaily Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Students in "year-round" schools don't learn more than their peers in traditional nine-month schools, new research has found. (...) found that, over a full year, math and reading test scores improved about the same amount for children in year-round schools as they did for students whose schools followed a traditional nine-month calendar. "We found that students in year-round schools learn more during the summer, when others are on vacation, but they seem to learn less than other children during the rest of the year," said (...).
  5. Our Lives, Controlled From Some Guy's Couch, NY Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts:
    Viktor Koen
    Until I talked to Nick Bostrom, a philosopher at Oxford University, it never occurred to me that our universe might be somebody else's hobby. I hadn't imagined that the omniscient, omnipotent creator of the heavens and earth could be an advanced version of a guy who spends his weekends building model railroads or overseeing video-game worlds like the Sims.

    But now it seems quite possible. In fact, if you accept a pretty reasonable assumption of Dr. Bostrom's, it is almost a mathematical certainty that we are living in someone else's computer simulation.

    1. Did Life Begin In Space? New Evidence From Comets, Science Daily Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The 2005 Deep Impact mission to Comet Tempel 1 discovered a mixture of organic and clay particles inside the comet. One theory for the origins of life proposes that clay particles acted as a catalyst, converting simple organic molecules into more complex structures. The 2004 Stardust Mission to Comet Wild 2 found a range of complex hydrocarbon molecules - potential building blocks for life.

      The Cardiff team suggests that radioactive elements can keep water in liquid form in comet interiors for millions of years, making them potentially ideal "incubators" for early life.

  6. Human Evolution: New Fossils Challenge Line of Descent in Human Family Tree, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Ever since the famous fossil hunter Louis Leakey found a skull of Homo habilis in Olduvai, Tanzania, in 1960, researchers have thought that this 2-million-year-old hominid was the first member of our own genus, Homo. This "handyman's" relatively big brain and association with flake tools eventually convinced many paleoanthropologists that H. habilis gave rise to H. erectus between 2 million and 1.6 million years ago, in a neat line of descent that led to modern humans.
    1. Speaking in Tones, Scientific American Magazine Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Just as humans are different genetically, so are they diverse linguistically, speaking at least 6,800 known tongues worldwide. New findings suggest genetics could explain some of the variety seen in language by, at times, leading to preferences for tones. The means by which this link works remains unclear, and some researchers dispute whether it exists. For the most part, languages are either unambiguously tonal or not. In tone languages, such as Mandarin in China or Yoruba in West Africa, the pitch of a spoken word affects its meaning.
  7. Biodiversity: World Of Insects, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: When it comes to understanding patterns of biodiversity, ours is a little-known planet. Large-scale sampling projects, as carried out in two investigations of insect diversity, show a way forward.

    To a first approximation, all multicellular species on Earth are insects1, and yet explanations for terrestrial biodiversity are largely based on birds, large mammals and plants. Studies of insect diversity by Novotny et al.2 and Dyer et al.3 (pages 692 and 696 of this issue) help to redress this imbalance, and provide an improved understanding of the distribution of global diversity.


    1. Prokaryote Phylogeny Meets Taxonomy: An Exhaustive Comparison of Composition Vector Trees with Systematic Bacteriology, SFI Working Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: We perform an exhaustive, taxon by taxon, comparison of the branchings in the composition vector trees (CVTrees) inferred from 432 prokaryotic genomes available on 31 December 2006 with the bacteriologists' taxonomy, primarily the latest online Outline of the Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The CVTree phylogeny agrees very well with the Bergey's taxonomy in majority of fine branchings and overall structures. At the same time most of the differences between the trees and the Manual have been known to biologists to some extent and may hint on taxonomic revisions. In stead of demonstrating the overwhelming agreement this paper puts emphasis on the biological implications of the differences.
    2. Symbiotic Complexity: Discovery Of A Fifth Symbiont In The Attine Ant-Microbe Symbiosis, Biol. Lett. Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The fungus-growing ant-microbe mutualism is a classic example of organismal complexity generated through symbiotic association. The ants have an ancient obligate mutualism with fungi they cultivate for food. The success of the mutualism is threatened by specialized fungal parasites (Escovopsis) that consume the cultivated fungus. To defend their nutrient-rich garden against infection, the ants have a second mutualism with bacteria (Pseudonocardia), which produce antibiotics that inhibit the garden parasite Escovopsis. (...) The prevalence, distribution, localization and monophyly indicate that the black yeast is a fifth symbiont within the attine ant-microbe association, further exemplifying the complexity of symbiotic associations.
    3. Adaptive Mutations in Bacteria: High Rate and Small Effects, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Evolution by natural selection is driven by the continuous generation of adaptive mutations. We measured the genomic mutation rate that generates beneficial mutations and their effects on fitness in Escherichia coli under conditions in which the effect of competition between lineages carrying different beneficial mutations is minimized. We found a rate on the order of 10-5 per genome per generation, which is 1000 times as high as previous estimates, and a mean selective advantage of 1%.
  8. Systems Neuroscience: Timing Is Everything, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Interactions among neurons in brain circuits underlie sensory perception and information storage. Work in locusts shows how the timing of different neuronal signals is synchronized to ensure effective communication.
    1. Characterizing the Limits of Human Visual Awareness, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Briefly examining a scene visually, humans can pay attention to only one color at a time but may be able to see it in multiple locations.

      Momentary awareness of a visual scene is very limited; however, this limitation has not been formally characterized. We test the hypothesis that awareness reflects a surprisingly impoverished data structure called a labeled Boolean map, defined as a linkage of just one feature value per dimension (for example, the color is green and the motion is rightward) with a spatial pattern.

    2. Functioning Neurons From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Produced, Science Daily Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Scientists with the Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at UCLA were able to produce from human embryonic stem cells a highly pure, large quantity of functioning neurons that will allow them to create models of and study diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, prefrontal dementia and schizophrenia.

      Researchers previously had been able to produce neurons - the impulse-conducting cells in the brain and spinal cord - from human embryonic stem cells. However, the percentage of neurons in the cell culture was not high and the neurons were difficult to isolate from the other cells.

    3. Chemical Biology: Minds Made Up, ACS Publications Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Researchers have found a chemical that can transform muscle cells into neuron-like cells. The work could lead to treatments for neurodegenerative disease if these cells prove able to develop into fully fledged neurons.

      Injae Shin and his co-workers at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea, screened a library of molecules and found one, dubbed neurodazine, that triggers mouse and human muscle cells to display neuron-like behaviour. The treated cells start to produce neuron-specific proteins and to generate and exchange synaptic vesicles, the structures that transport neurotransmitters within nerve cells.

  9. Cancer Biology: Microbial Tumour Fighters, J. Clin. Invest. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Summary: The gut's microbial flora may stimulate the immune system's fight against tumours, report researchers from the US National Cancer Institute.

    Chrystal Paulos, Nicholas Restifo and their colleagues studied a treatment in which cancer patients are irradiated and then given tumour-specific immune cells that find and kill the cancer cells. The radiation was thought to help by killing other immune cells that would interfere with this process and by boosting the production of helpful proteins. But this team found that radiation also benefits mutant mice that already lack these interfering cells and beneficial proteins.

    1. Cancer Stem Cells as the Engine of Tumor Progression, SFI Working Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: Genomic instability is considered by many authors the key engine of tumorigenesis. However, mounting evidence indicates that a small population of drug resistant cancer cells can also be a key component of tumor progression. Such cancer stem cells would be the reservoir of tumor stability while genetically unstable cells would compete with normal cells and invade neighboring host tissue. Here we study the interplay between these two conflicting components of cancer dynamics using two types of tissue architecture. Both mean field and multicompartment models are studied. It is shown that tissue architecture affects the pattern of cancer dynamics and that unstable cancers spontaneously organize into a heterogeneous population of highly unstable cells. This dominant population is in fact separated from the low-mutation compartment by an instability gap, where almost no cancer cells are observed. The possible implications of this prediction are discussed.
  10. Dr. Google and Dr. Microsoft, NY Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: In politics, every serious candidate for the White House has a health care plan. So too in business, where the two leading candidates for Web supremacy, Google and Microsoft, are working up their plans to improve the nation's health care.

    By combining better Internet search tools, the vast resources of the Web and online personal health records, both companies are betting they can enable people to make smarter choices about their health habits and medical care.


  11. Two Molecular Pharmacologists Create Drugs the Natural Way, Wired Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts:
    Mother nature can make drugs and other complicated molecules without using any toxic chemicals. Professors Bradley Moore of the University of California at San Diego and Christopher Walsh of Harvard Medical School have figured out how to do it too.

    Rather than using the somewhat barbaric methods of organic chemistry, Moore and Walsh's research groups stripped down the natural process for producing complicated chemicals. They identified each molecule that living cells use to make sophisticated compounds, and then used them to produce the products they wanted.


    1. Plant Biology: Jasmonate Perception Machines, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: How do plant cells respond so vigorously to organisms that damage their cells? Following on from progress made in understanding hormonal control of growth and development comes news of how a plant's security system operates.
  12. Tracking The Seasons: The Internal Calendars Of Vertebrates, Phil. Tran. Biol. Sc. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Animals have evolved many season-specific behavioural and physiological adaptations that allow them to both cope with and exploit the cyclic annual environment. Two classes of endogenous annual timekeeping mechanisms enable animals to track, anticipate and prepare for the seasons: a timer that measures an interval of several months and a clock that oscillates with a period of approximately a year. Here, we discuss the basic properties and biological substrates of these timekeeping mechanisms, as well as their reliance on, and encoding of environmental cues to accurately time seasonal events. (...)
  13. Climate Change: Humans and Nature Duel Over the Next Decade's Climate, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Rising greenhouse gases are changing global climate, but during the next few decades natural climate variations will have a say as well, so researchers are scrambling to factor them in

    For a century or more, meteorologists have known the secret to weather forecasting: To glimpse tomorrow's weather, one must know today's. And lately they have realized that the same precept applies to predicting climate years or decades ahead.

    1. Improved Surface Temperature Prediction For The Coming Decade From A Global Climate Model, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Previous climate model projections of climate change accounted for external forcing from natural and anthropogenic sources but did not attempt to predict internally generated natural variability. We present a new modeling system that predicts both internal variability and externally forced changes and hence forecasts surface temperature with substantially improved skill throughout a decade, both globally and in many regions. Our system predicts that internal variability will partially offset the anthropogenic global warming signal for the next few years.
  14. Femtophysics: Double Vision, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: By cunningly diffracting X-rays twice from an exploding nanometre-scale sphere, holographic images can be made of a tiny system evolving at lightning speed. The technique could be used to picture atomic dynamics.
    1. Ultrafast Flash Thermal Conductance of Molecular Chains, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: At the level of individual molecules, familiar concepts of heat transport no longer apply. When large amounts of heat are transported through a molecule, a crucial process in molecular electronic devices, energy is carried by discrete molecular vibrational excitations. We studied heat transport through self-assembled monolayers of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules anchored to a gold substrate by ultrafast heating of the gold with a femtosecond laser pulse. When the heat reached the methyl groups at the chain ends, a nonlinear coherent vibrational spectroscopy technique detected the resulting thermally induced disorder.
  15. Quantum Analog Of Ulam's Conjecture Can Guide Molecules, Reactions, PhysOrg.com Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Like navigating spacecraft through the solar system by means of gravity and small propulsive bursts, researchers can guide atoms, molecules and chemical reactions by utilizing the forces that bind nuclei and electrons into molecules (analogous to gravity) and by using light for propulsion. But, knowing the minimal amount of light required, and how that amount changes with the complexity of the molecule, has been a problem.(...)

    Now, by creating a quantum mechanical analog of Ulam's conjecture, researchers at the University of Illinois and the University of California have expanded the flexibility and controllability of quantum mechanical systems.

    1. Chemistry: Molecules Take the Heat, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Problems of heating and heat transfer are ubiquitous in everyday life, from planning efficient air conditioners to dealing with overheated car engines. Such heat transfer is also of critical importance for the stability and performance of the extremely small systems considered in nanotechnology applications. In this regime, new scientific questions arise. In particular, advances in molecular electronics (where molecules are active components in nanometer-scale electronic circuits) require heating and heat transport to be understood and controlled on the molecular scale.
  16. They've Got Your Number, The Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Simplexity is a trawl through the science of complexity and simplicity, much of it based on work carried out at the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico - a hotbed of blue-sky thinking where scientists from across the disciplines swap ideas about physics, biology, computing, social sciences and much more.

    Across them all, an array of similar systems can be found, ranging from absolute chaos on the one hand to absolute robustness on the other. Complexity occurs on the curve in between, and the SFI spends a lot of time trying to model such systems mathematically.

  17. Spontaneous Emergence of Modularity in Cellular Networks, SFI Working Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: Modularity is known to be one of the most relevant characteristics of biological systems and appears to be present at multiple scales. Given its adaptive potential, it is often assumed to be the target of selective pressures. Under such interpretation, selection would be actively favouring the formation of modular structures, which would specialize in different functions. Here we show that, within the context of cellular networks, no such a selection pressure is needed to obtain modularity. Instead, the intrinsic dynamics of network growth by duplication and diversification is able to generate it for free and explain the statistical features exhibited by small subgraphs. The implications for the evolution and evolvability of both biological and technological systems are discussed.
    1. Food-Web Complexity Emerging From Ecological Dynamics On Adaptive Networks, J. Theor. Biol. Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Food webs are complex networks describing trophic interactions in ecological communities. Since Robert May's seminal work on random structured food webs, the complexity-stability debate is a central issue in ecology: does network complexity increase or decrease food-web persistence? A multi-species predator-prey model incorporating adaptive predation shows that the action of ecological dynamics on the topology of a food web (whose initial configuration is generated either by the cascade model or by the niche model) render, when a significant fraction of adaptive predators is present, similar hyperbolic complexity-persistence relationships as those observed in empirical food webs. (...)
    2. The Community Structure Of Human Cellular Signaling Network, J. Theor. Biol. Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Living cell is highly responsive to specific chemicals in its environment, such as hormones and molecules in food or aromas. The reason is ascribed to the existence of widespread and diverse signal transduction pathways, between which crosstalks usually exist, thus constitute a complex signaling network. Evidently, knowledge of topology characteristic of this network could contribute a lot (...). In this presentation, signal transduction data is extracted (...) to construct a cellular signaling network of Homo sapiens, which has 931 nodes and 6798 links in total. Computing the degree distribution, we find it is not a random network, but a scale-free network following a power-law (...).
    3. Scaling Metabolic Rate Fluctuations, SFI Working Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: Complex ecological and economic systems show fluctuations in macroscopic quantities such as exchange rates, size of companies or populations that follow non-gaussian tentshaped probability distributions of growth rates, with power-law decay, which suggests that fluctuations in complex systems may be governed by universal mechanisms, independent of particular details and idiosyncrasies. We propose here that metabolic rate within individual organisms may be considered as an example of an emergent property of a complex system and test the hypothesis that the probability distribution of fluctuations in the metabolic rate of individuals has a ÔuniversalÕ form regardless of body size or taxonomic affiliation. We examined data from 71 individuals belonging to 25 vertebrate species (birds, mammals and lizards). We report three main results. First, for all these individuals and species, the distribution of metabolic rate fluctuations follows a tent-shaped distribution with power-law decay. Second, the standard deviation of metabolic rate fluctuations decays as a power-law function of both average metabolic rate and body mass, with exponents -0.352 and Ð1/4 respectively. Finally, we find that the distributions of metabolic rate fluctuations for different organisms can all be rescaled to a single, parent distribution, supporting the existence of general principles underlying the structure and functioning of individual organisms.
  18. Allies And Friends: The Trade Policy Review Of The United States, 2006, World Econ. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The 2006 WTO Trade Policy Review of the United States reveals that national security concerns have become a dominant influence on US trade policy since 2001. This paper argues that direct and indirect effects of this influence have been deleterious to the multilateral trading system. Security concerns have led to an embrace of bilateralism that bears little relation to US commercial interests and will arguably detract from ongoing efforts at multilateral trade liberalisation. (...) Finally, the unpopularity at home of US military actions abroad has weakened the US President and opened the door for rising protectionism in Congress.
    1. Mr. Rove Gets Out of Town, NY Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The American public needs to understand the full story of how this White House - with Mr. Rove pulling many of the strings - has spent the last six and a half years improperly and dangerously politicizing the federal government. Mr. Rove is already defying one Congressional subpoena to testify about the United States attorneys scandal. He should be made to respond to that one, and should also be subpoenaed to explain his role in several other cases of crass politicization.


  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. New York City Police Report Explores Homegrown Terrorism, NY Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts:
      Sara Krulwich/The New York Times
      Mitchell Silber, a research specialist, spoke at a briefing Wednesday at police headquarters.
      Understanding how seemingly ordinary people become radicalized and hatch homegrown terror plots is essential for law enforcement officials in the United States and abroad to stay one step ahead, a study released yesterday by the New York Police Department concluded.

      The study found that unassimilated Muslims in the United States are vulnerable to extremism, but less so than their European counterparts.(...)

      The report identified four steps in the process of radicalization: pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination and jihadization.

  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Other Publications Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. A General Mathematical Theory of Discounting, Robert Axtell and Gregory McRae, SFI Working Papers, DOI: SFI-WP 07-06-014
      2. The Ontogeny of Scale-Free Syntax Networks through Language Acquisition, Bernat Corominas-Murtra, Sergi Valverde, and Ricard V. Sole, SFI Working Papers, DOI: SFI-WP 07-06-012
      3. Computation in Sofic Quantum Dynamical Systems, Karoline Wiesner and James P. Crutchfield, SFI Working Papers, DOI: SFI-WP 07-05-007
      4. Primordial Evolution in the Finitary Process Soup, Olof Gornerup and James P. Crutchfield, SFI Working Papers, DOI: SFI-WP 07-05-008
      5. Charles Darwin's Works Go Online, 2006/10/18, BBC News
      6. Randomness Enhances Cooperation: a Resonance Type Phenomenon in, Jie Ren, Wen-Xu Wang, Feng Qi, 2007/04/06, arXiv [Phys. Rev. E, 75, 045101(R), (2007)], DOI: cond-mat/0607457
      7. Self assembly of a model multicellular organism resembling the Dictyostelium slime molds, Graeme J. Ackland, Richard D.L.Hanes, Morrel H. Cohen, 2007/05/02, arXiv, DOI: 0705.0227
      8. Evolving Inductive Generalization Via Genetic Self-assembly, Rudolf M. Fuechslin, Thomas Maeke, Uwe Tangen, John S. McCaskill, 2007/05/10, arXiv, DOI: 0705.1460
      9. Modeling Computations in a Semantic Network, Marko A. Rodriguez and Johan Bollen, 2007/05/31, arXiv, DOI: 0706.0022
      10. Emergence and Resilience of Cooperation in the Spatial Prisoner's Dilemma Via a Reward Mechanism, Raul Jimenez, Haydee Lugo, Jose A. Cuesta, Angel Sanchez, 2007/06/05, arXiv, DOI: 0706.0648
      11. Research on Multi-Agent Simulation of Epidemic News Spread Characteristics, Xiaoguang Gong and Renbin Xiao, 2007/06/30, JASSS 10(1)
      12. Dynamics of Network Formation Processes in the Co-Author Model, Laurent Tambayong, 2007/06/30, JASSS 10(1)
      13. How Realistic Should Knowledge Diffusion Models Be?, How Realistic Should Knowledge Diffusion Models Be?, 2007/06/30, JASSS 10(1)
      14. Characterising Emergence of Landowners in a Forest Reserve, Oswaldo Teran, Johanna Alvarez, Magdiel Ablan and Manuel Jaimes, 2007/06/30, JASSS 10(1)
      15. Simulating Gender Stratification, James F. Robison-Cox, Richard F. Martell, Cynthia G. Emrich, 2007/06/30, JASSS 10(1)
      16. Self-Organized Characteristics of the International System, Ingo Piepers, 2007/07/03, arXiv, DOI: 0707.0348
      17. Self-Organized Characteristics of the International System, Ingo Piepers, 2007/07/03, arXiv, DOI: 0707.0348
      18. Infants Have 'Mind-reading' Capability, Study Shows, 2007/08/07, ScienceDaily & Association for Psychological Science
      19. The Physiological Costs Of Reproduction In Small Mammals, J. R. Speakman, 2007/08/08, Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2145
      20. Boffins Unveil Time Machine Theory: Back To The Future, R. Jaques, 2007/08/09, vnunet.com
      21. The Eyes Have It: What Do We See When We Look At Ads?, 2007/08/09, Innovations-report
      22. Functioning Neurons From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Produced, 2007/08/10, ScienceDaily &University of California - Los Angeles
      23. Climate Change And Disease Ecology, 2007/08/11, ScienceDaily & Ecological Society of America
      24. What Makes Mars Magnetic?, 2007/08/12, ScienceDaily & European Science Foundation
      25. New Search Engine Ranks Tables By Title, Document Content, Text Reference, 2007/08/13, Innovations-report
      26. Fractal Graphic Designer Anton Stankowski, V. A. Shlyk - v.shlykagmail.com, Aug. 2007, Online 2007/07/12, Leonardo, DOI: 10.1162/leon.2007.40.4.382
    2. Webcast Announcements Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Reseau Nationale des Systemes Complexes , (in French), 2007
      2. World Economic Forum , Davos, Switzerland, 07/01/24-28
      3. TED Talks, TED Conferences LLC , since 2006
      4. Talking Robots: The PodCast on Robotics and AI, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland, 06/11/03
      5. Potentials of Complexity Science for Business, Governments, and the Media 2006, Budapest, Hungary, 06/08/03-05
      6. 6th Intl Conf on Complex Systems (ICCS), Boston, MA, 06/06/25-30
      7. Artificial Life X, 10th Intl Conf on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, Bloomington, IN, USA. 2006/06/03-07
      8. 6th Understanding Complex Systems Symposium, Urbana-Champaign, Il, 06/05/15-18
      9. Ralph Abraham on Complexity Digest, , Calcutta, India, 05/12/27
      10. An Afternoon with Michael Crichton, Washington, 05/11/06
      11. Illuminating the Shadow of the Future, Ann Arbor, Mi 05/09/23-25
      12. Open Network of Centres of Excellence in Complex Systems - Brainstorming Meeting, Paris, France 05/09/19-23
      13. Complexity, Science & Society Conference 2005, U. Liverpool, UK 2005/09/11-14
      14. ECAL 2005 - VIIIth European Conference on Artificial Life, Canterbury, Kent, UK 2005/09/5-9
      15. T. Irene Sanders, Executive Director and Founder, The Washington Center for Complexity & Public Policy, 05/08/27, QuickTime video (10:38 min), Podcast
      16. North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity 2005 Conference, Virtual Conference Network, St. Pete's Beach, Florida, 05/06/09-11
      17. Understanding Complex Systems - Computational Complexity and Bioinformatics, Virtual Conference Network, Urbana-Champaign, Il, UIUC, 05/05/16-19
      18. Nonlinearity, Fluctuations, and Complexity, with a celebration of the 65th birthday of Gregoire Nicolis. , Complexity Session, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium, 05/03/16
      19. 1st European Conference on Complex Systems, Torino, Italy, 04/12/5-7
      20. From Autopoiesis to Neurophenomenology: A Tribute to Francisco Varela (1946-2001), Paris, France, 2004/06/18-20
      21. Evolutionary Epistemology, Language, and Culture, Brussels, Belgium, 04/05/26-28
      22. International Conference on Complex Systems 2004, Boston, 04/05/16-21
      23. Nonlinear Dynamics And Chaos: Lab Demonstrations, Strogatz, Steven H., Internet-First University Press, 1994
      24. CERN Webcast Service, Streamed videos of Archived Lectures and Live Events
      25. Dean LeBaron's Archive of Daily Video Commentary, Ongoing Since February 1998
      26. Edge Videos

    3. Conference Announcements Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. ICS PIF Summer School 2007 - First French Complex Systems Summer School, Paris, 07/07/30-08/26
      2. 2nd Summer school "Achievements and Applications of contemporary Mathematics, Informatics and Physics", Kyiv, 07/08/08-19
      3. 2nd Intl Summer School on Collective Intelligence and Evolution, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 07/08/20-24
      4. ECAL 2007 - 9th European Conference on Artificial Life , Lisbon, Portugal, 07/09/10-14
      5. Itl. Conf. on Applications in Nonlinear Dynamics, Poipu Beach, Koloa (Kauai), Hawaii, 07/09/24-27
      6. 3rd Edition of the Econophysics Colloquium, Ancona, 07/09/27-29
      7. European Conference on Complex Systems 2007 (ECCS'07) , Dresden, Germany, 07/10/01-05
      8. Processes Of Emergence Of Systems And Systemic Properties. Towards A General Theory Of Emergence. , Castel Ivano (Trento), 07/10/18-20
      9. Intl Conf on Complex Systems 2007 , 07/10/28-11/02, Boston, MA, USA
      10. 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM Intl Joint Conf on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT'07), Silicon Valley, USA, 07/11/02-05
      11. Theory In Cognitive Neuroscience, Wildbad Kreuth (Bavaria), Germany, 07/11/04-07
      12. 7th Intl Conf on Epigenetic Robotics: Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems , Piscataway, NJ, 07/11/05-07
      13. KSS 2007 - 8th Intl Symposium on Knowledge and Systems Sciences, Ishikawa prefecture, Japan, 07/11/05-07
      14. NetLogo Workshop at Agent 2007 Conference, Evanston, IL, USA, 07/11/12-14
      15. Australia New Zealand Systems Conference 2007 "Systemic development: Local solutions in a global environment", Auckland, New Zealand, 07/12/02-05
      16. The 3rd Indian Intl Conf on Artificial Intelligence (IICAI-07), Pune, INDIA, 07/12/17-19
      17. 19th European Meeting On Cybernetics And Systems Research, (EMCSR 2008), Vienna, Austria, 08/03/25-28
      18. Stochastic Resonance 2008, Perugia, Italy, 07/08/17-21

    4. Other Announcements Bookmark and Share

      1. News notes on Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE) for July 2007 are now available on-line, 07/08/04
      2. National Humanities Center Launches Humanities/Sciences Website, 07/04, As part of its ongoing "Autonomy, Singularity, Creativity: The Human & The Humanities" project (ASC), the National Humanities Center makes public a new website for the initiative which significantly expands the potential pool of humanists and scientists engaged in the exploration and examination of topics surrounding the question of human being.

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