Feb. 09, 2004
Engineering Complex Systems, Nature 
Excerpts: The hallmarks of complex systems are adaptation, self-organization and emergence - no one designed the web or the metabolic processes within a cell. And this is where the conceptual conflict with engineering arises. Engineering is not about letting systems be. Engineering is about making things happen, about convergence, optimum design and consistency of operation. Engineering is about assembling pieces that work in specific ways - that is, designing complicated systems.
It should be stressed that 'complex' is different from 'complicated'. The most elaborate mechanical watches are appropriately called très compliqué, (...).
Life-Like Self-Reproducers, Complexity
Abstract: We realized a computational model through which we have been able to discover the genetic map of the self-reproducers and the networks they use. Identifying in these maps sets of different functional genes, we found that mutations in the genetic sequences could affect both external shapes and behavior of the self-reproducers, thus realizing different life-like strategies in the evolution process. The results highlight that some strategies evolution uses in selecting organisms that are fitting with changing environmental situations maintain the self-reproducing function, whereas other variations create new self-reproducers. The mutations that are disruptive bring self-reproducers to disappear (...).
- Source: Life-Like Self-Reproducers, E. Bilotta - bilotta
unical.it, A. Lafusa, P. Pantano, DOI: 10.1002/cplx.10118, Complexity, Online 2004/01/13 - Contributed by Atin Das - dasatinyahoo.co.in
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Excerpts:
Image: NASA/WMAP SNAPSHOT OF THE UNIVERSE at age 380,000 years was taken by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. Earth is located at the center of this celestial sphere.
Red corresponds to warm regions, blue to cooler ones.
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In what is widely regarded as the most important scientific discovery of 1998, researchers turned their telescopes to measure the rate at which cosmic expansion was decelerating and instead saw that it was accelerating. (...)
As deeply mysterious as acceleration is, if you just accept it without trying to fathom its cause, it solves all kinds of problems. Before 1998, cosmologists had been troubled by discrepancies in the age, density and clumpiness of the universe. Acceleration made everything click together. (...) unlocked the next level of the big bang theory.
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Excerpts: New observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation show that the early universe resounded with harmonious oscillations
The ubiquity and constancy of the CMB is a sign that it comes from a simpler past, long before structures such as planets, stars and galaxies formed. Because of this simplicity, we can predict the properties of the CMB to exquisite accuracy. And in the past few years, cosmologists have been able to compare these predictions with increasingly precise observations from microwave telescopes carried by balloons and spacecraft.
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Excerpts: Maybe cosmic acceleration isn't caused by dark energy after all but by an inexorable leakage of gravity out of our world.
(...) nobody knows why the expansion of the universe is accelerating. (...) Researchers commonly attribute the acceleration to some mysterious entity called dark energy, but there is little physics to back up these fine words. The only thing that is becoming clear is that at the largest observable distances, gravity behaves in a rather strange way, turning into a repulsive force.
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Excerpts: Distant supernovae are revealing the crucial time when the expansion of the universe changed from decelerating to accelerating
From the time of Isaac Newton to the late 1990s, the defining feature of gravity was its attractive nature. (...) Although Einstein's general theory of relativity allows for gravity to push as well as pull, most physicists regarded this as a purely theoretical possibility, (...). Until recently, astronomers fully expected to see gravity slowing down the expansion of the cosmos.
In 1998, however, researchers discovered the repulsive side of gravity.
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Excerpts: The latest maps of the cosmos have surveyed hundreds of thousands of galaxies, whose clustering has grown from primordial fluctuations. (...)
Measurements of the large-scale distribution of galaxies, as mapped by cartography projects such as the ongoing Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), are in beautiful agreement with theoretical predictions. We currently have a coherent model that tracks the growth of subtle density fluctuations laid down in the early universe to the present richness of the night sky.
Are Galaxy Clusters Corrupting The Echoes From The Big Bang?, Alphagalileo
Excerpts: In recent years, astronomers have obtained detailed measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation - the 'echo' from the birth of the Universe during the Big Bang. These results appear to indicate with remarkable precision that our Universe is dominated by mysterious 'cold dark matter' and 'dark energy'. But now a group of UK astronomers has found evidence that the primordial microwave echoes may have been modified or 'corrupted' on their 13 billion year journey to the Earth. The team has found that nearby galaxy clusters appear to lie in regions of sky where the microwave temperature is lower than average.
The Neural Bases Of Complex Tool Use In Humans, Trends in Cog Sci
Abstract: The behaviors involved in complex human tool use cut across boundaries traditionally drawn between social, cognitive, perceptual and motor processes. Longstanding neuropsychological evidence suggests a distinction between brain systems responsible for representing: (1) semantic knowledge about familiar tools and their uses, and (2) the acquired skills necessary for performing these actions. Contemporary findings in functional neuroimaging support and refine this distinction by revealing the distributed neural systems that support these processes and the conditions under which they interact. Together, these findings indicate that behaviors associated with complex tool use arise from functionally specialized networks involving temporal, parietal and frontal areas within the left cerebral hemisphere.
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Abstract: No facet of human development is more crucial than becoming symbol-minded. To participate fully in any society, children have to master the symbol systems that are important in that society. Children today must learn to use more varieties of symbolic media than ever before, so it is even more important to understand the processes involved in symbolic development. Recent research has greatly expanded what we know about early symbol use. We have learned, for example, that infants initially accept a wide range of entities as potential symbols and that young children are often confused about the nature of symbol-referent relations. During the first few years of life, however, children make rapid progress towards becoming competent symbol users.
Water Can Induce Better Spatial Memory Performance Than Food, Japanese Psycho. Res.
Abstract: Two experiments were carried out to test the differential effects of hunger and thirst on memory performance. In Experiment 1, two groups of rats were exposed to an original radial-maze task and then to a 30-min retention-memory task. The food-deprived group completed the original task more quickly than the water-deprived group, but the thirsty group mastered the memory task more quickly than the hungry group. In Experiment 2, deprivation conditions were changed from the original to the memory task. (...) Thirst proved to constitute a more favorable condition for retention-memory learning. The applicability of several theories is discussed.
Brain Development: The Most Important Sexual Organ, Nature
Excerpts: (...) zebra finch that was genetically male on the right side of its body, with bright plumage and a testis, and genetically female on the left, (...). If brain sex depended solely on hormones, you'd expect both sides of the bird's brain to be the same, as they were both exposed to the same mix of male and female hormones coursing through the blood. But when researchers (...) examined the bird's brain, they found that the neural circuits that control male song were much larger on the right side.
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Abstract: Human language is a complex and expressive communication system. Children spontaneously develop a native language from speech they hear in their community. Languages change dramatically and unpredictably by accumulating small changes over time and by interacting with other languages. This paper describes a mathematical model illustrating language change. Children learn their parents' language imperfectly, and in the case presented here, the result is a simulated population that maintains an ever-changing mixture of grammars. This research is part of a growing attempt to use mathematical models to better understand the social and biological history of language.
- Source: Chaos And Language, W. G. Mitchener, M. A. Nowak, Alphagalileo & Proceedings B (Biological Sciences), 2004/02/02
- Contributed by Atin Das - dasatinyahoo.co.in
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Excerpts: The best way to send a secret message is to scramble it with a random code, and an excellent source of randomness is chaos. The trick is sharing the randomness only with intended receivers. Grafting chaos and neural networks makes this possible, even over public channels.
Previous research has shown that it is possible to use synchronized chaotic signals to provide private-key encryption. (...)
Neural networks can also be synchronized. Neural networks record changes in the number of connections between neurons, and synchronized networks have similar connections, or synaptic weights.
An Alternative Education, Tech Rev
Excerpts:
Moe Zimmerberg '79 heads a curriculum-free, democratic school in Santa Fe, NM, that has served local students for 11 years. (Photograph by Esha Chiocchio)
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Do you know what ‘curriculum' really means?" Moe Zimmerberg '79 asks almost as soon as you meet him. In Latin it means "running in circles," he explains. Therefore, at the Tutorial School in Santa Fe, NM, which he founded with Richard Testa in 1992, there is no curriculum. There is, however, plenty of learning-in almost any subject a student requests. Zimmerberg, who has an undergraduate degree in neuroscience from MIT, believes that people naturally want to learn, so classes are available but not required. "We offer structure, but not coercion," he explains.
Editor's Note: Actually, the "around in circles" part of the translation apparently has been added "for emphasis". (see Words by William Whitaker):
run/trot/gallop, hurry/hasten/speed,
move/travel/proceed/flow swiftly/quickly;
and the original meaning of "curriculum" is:
act of running; race; lap, track; chariot;
course of action/heavenly bodies
So, "rat race" might be a more appropriate translation.
Teaching Evolution, NPR Audio
Excerpts: According to the Georgia Department of Education, the word evolution is a "controversial buzzword" that should be removed from the state's biology curriculum. In this hour, we'll take a look at science education in schools. Should evolution be out? And what should science class teach us about the age and origins of the universe? Join NPR's Ira Flatow for a look at new challenges to teaching evolution in public schools.
Reconsidering No Child Left Behind, NPR Audio
Excerpts: The cornerstone of the Bush administration's education policy aims to make schools more accountable and give parents greater choice. Yet many schools say the federal mandate is inflexible, and their school systems cannot meet the demands.
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Excerpts:
How's it hanging? Maths can tell you
© Corbis
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(...) cloth is so stiff in the two dimensions that make up the plane of the cloth, but very floppy when it comes to folding in the third dimension. What also makes the maths so hard is that when a sheet of thin fabric crumples, nearly all the deformation gets concentrated into a single point or line, where the fabric kinks sharply. (...)
It gets even harder once the wearer starts to move, as their motion sets up a complex sequence of kinking and unkinking.
Editor's Note: Actually, one might suspect that this sudden interest in fashion is just a clever move by some physics nerds to raise funding for their research in
brane cosmology.
The Challenge Of Managing Multiple Species At Multiple Scales, J. Appl. Ecol.
Summary: Understanding the ecological effects of processes operating at multiple spatial scales on multiple species is a key challenge in ecology. It underpins both basic research and the increasing recognition of scale-dependence in conservation biology. A spatially nested experimental design was used to investigate the habitat relationships of reptiles (...). Different species were predicted by different habitat variables, and some species reflected habitat structure at one, but not all, spatial scales. Different habitat variables varied over different spatial scales. For example, invertebrate abundance varied mostly over tens of metres, while grass/forb cover varied mostly over hundreds to thousands of metres.
The Speed of Adaptation in Large Asexual Populations, arXiv
Abstract: In large asexual populations, beneficial mutations have to compete with each other for fixation. Here, I derive explicit analytic expressions for the rate of substitution and the mean beneficial effect of fixed mutations, under the assumptions that the population size $N$ is large, that the mean effect of new beneficial mutations is smaller than the mean effect of new deleterious mutations, and that new beneficial mutations are exponentially distributed. As $N$ increases, the rate of substitution approaches a constant, which is equal to the mean effect of new beneficial mutations. The mean effect of fixed mutations continues to grow logarithmically with $N$. As a consequence, the speed of adaptation, measured as the change of log fitness over time, also grows logarithmically with $N$. Moreover, I derive a simple formula that determines whether at given $N$ beneficial mutations are expected to compete with each other or go to fixation independently. Finally, I verify all results with extensive numerical simulations.
Plants Give Up Their Secret of Splitting Water, Reuters
Excerpts: Researchers said on Thursday they had taken another step toward understanding how plants split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms -- which may provide a cheap way to produce clean-burning hydrogen fuel.(...)
(...) splitting of water occurs at a catalytic center that consists of four manganese atoms," (...).
"We've taken this further by showing that three of the manganese atoms, a calcium atom and four oxygen atoms form a cube-like structure, which brings stability to the catalytic center,"(...).
"Together this arrangement gives strong hints about the water-splitting chemistry."
Disease Transmission Between And Within Species, And The Implications For Disease Control, J. Appl. Ecol.
Summary: Disease transmission can occur between and within species for diseases with multiple hosts. If these diseases are undesirable, for economic or health reasons, then the relative importance of each type of transmission should be determined. Bovine tuberculosis (Tb) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is one such undesirable disease. Age-specific prevalence data obtained from cross-sectional surveys was modelled to estimate the effect of experimental reductions in possum population density on the force of M. bovis infection in ferrets. These results have management implications for other multiple-host diseases around the world, such as bovine tuberculosis and rabies.
Way to Biologically Confine Transgenic Organisms, National Academies News
Excerpts: Developers of genetically engineered organisms need to consider how biological techniques such as induced sterility can prevent transgenic animals and plants from escaping into natural ecosystems and mating or competing with their wild relatives, or passing engineered traits to other species, says a new report from the National Academies' Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Designer Mice Make Heart-Friendly Nutrients, Natue Science update
Excerpts:
Fish oil capsules contain healthy omega-3 fatty acids.
© GettyImages
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Geneticists have engineered a mouse strain to produce omega-3 fatty acids, compounds known to help prevent heart disease in humans. If the feat can be transferred to livestock animals, they could be made to produce healthier eggs, milk and meat.
The mice use a gene called fat-1, from the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, to convert omega-6 fatty acids into the healthier omega-3 version, explains Jing Kang of Harvard Medical School in Boston, who led the study1. Mammals can't ordinarily do this.
Accurately Modeling the Internet Topology, arXiv
Abstract: To model the behavior of a network it is crucial to obtain a good description of its topology because structure affects function. When studying the topological properties of the Internet, we found out that there are two mechanisms which are necessary for the correct modeling of the Internet: a nonlinear preferential growth, where the growth is described by a positive-feedback mechanism, and the appearance of new links between already existing nodes. We show that the Positive-Feedback Preference (PFP) model, which is based on the above mechanisms, reproduces topological properties of the Internet such as: degree distribution, tier structure (rich-club connectivity), shortest path length, neighbor clustering, network redundancy (triangle and rectangle coefficient), disassortative mixing (nearest-neighbors average degree) and information flow pattern (betweenness centrality). We believe that these growth mechanisms need further study because they provide a novel insight into the evolutionary dynamics of real complex networks.
The Role of Signaling Action Tendencies in Conflict Resolution, JASSS
Abstract: We investigate various strategies for stopping games embedded in the larger context of an artificial life simulation, where agents compete for food in order to survive and have offspring. In particular, we examine the utility of letting agents display their action tendencies (e.g., "continue to play" vs. "quitting the game" at any given point in the game), which agents can take into account when making their decisions. We set up a formal framework for analyzing these "embedded stopping games" and present results from several simulation studies with different kinds of agents. Our results indicate that while making use of action tendency cues is generally beneficial, there are situations in which agents using stochastic decision mechanisms perform better than agents whose decisions are completely determined by their own and their opponents' displayed tendencies, particularly when competing with agents who lie about their action tendencies.
Reciprocity, Normative Reputation, and the Development of Mutual Obligation in Gift-Giving Societies, JASSS
Abstract: Discrete agent simulation was used to study the role of reciprocity and normative reputation in the development of mutual obligation in gift-giving societies. Measures of economic and non-economic rewards were tracked over many generations of agents acting within a fixed environment and according to a constant behavioral rule set. Communicating normative reputation enabled potential victims to avoid theft without the necessity of personally experiencing the character of every agent. It also optimized mutual obligation among agents, even among aggressive agents. These results are discussed in the context of theories of positive and negative reciprocity and are related to observations of some hunter-gatherer societies.
The Nixon Recovery, NYTimes
Excerpts: Back in the early 1970's, with both high inflation and slow growth, Nixon's economic challenge may have been even more intractable than Mr. Bush's. (...)
The gamble was that a big jolt of money would rev up the economy (...). It worked, allowing Nixon to win in 1972. But success came at a huge cost. Once the price controls were removed through 1973 and 1974, all the suppressed inflation came roaring out, (...). Worse, the resulting collapse of the dollar led to the 1973 OPEC "oil price shock."
That Big Fat Budget Deficit. Yawn, NYTimes
Excerpts:
Marilynn K. Yee/The New York Times
The National Debt Clock in Midtown Manhattan was put up as a political message in the 1980's. It was turned off in 2000 as the government ran surpluses, and restarted in 2002.
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The absence of concern is all the more alarming now, given the enormous shortfalls in Social Security and Medicare that await in coming decades, economists say. "If the 80's deficit had gone away on its own, that would be one thing," said Benjamin M. Friedman, (...).
He noted that the long economic expansion of the 1980's did not bring down the national debt. Only after the first President Bush raised taxes, President Clinton raised them further and the Republican Congress of the mid-90's reduced spending growth did the deficit vanish.
Electronic Voting Technology, NPR Audio
Excerpts: The Democratic primaries are underway, and according to a recent report, electronic voting machines are keeping the counts accurate but not safe from hackers. We'll talk about whether this technology is up to the task. Could a proposed bill ensure that electronic votes can be verified?
Topic: Iraqi Interim Constitution, NPR Audio
Secret Obsessions at the Top, NYTimes
Excerpts: It was "one of the worst nuclear scares since the Cuban missile crisis - and Washington didn't even know it until after it was over," James Risen and Milt Bearden write in their terrific book about the spy wars, "The Main Enemy."
The parallels between our Iraq intelligence mess and RYAN are telling. When a country's capital is in the grip of hard-line ideologues who demand a certain kind of intelligence, they'll get it. The result is an intelligence failure. And, more fundamentally, it's a political failure by the top leaders themselves.
Making the Facts Fit the Case for War, NY Times
Excerpts: The intelligence that led to the Iraq invasion illustrated clearly that presidents and decision- makers usually get the intelligence they want.(...)
A first-term representative warned that if you "allow the president to invade a neighboring nation whenever he shall deem it necessary to repel an invasion . . . you allow him to make war at pleasure." For these words, Abraham Lincoln received the usual reward of political courage: he forfeited any chance of a return to Congress and was retired to private life for more than a decade.
Editor's Note: In 1984, when "Decapitation" of Moscow was in discussion in combination with a "Star Wars" defense, I asked Edward Teller in Los Alamos about the German concerns about providing the stage for the nuclear "theater". His response: "Americans never start a war!"
Live from Virginia, It's Alhurra, NPR ATC Audio
Excerpts: Later this month, the U.S government launches Alhurra, a new 24-hour satellite TV news channel designed to compete with the Arab world's al-Jazeera. (...) Alhurra's mission is to present the American perspective to the Arabic world.
Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
Faulting U.S., Germany Frees a 9/11 Suspect, NY Times
Excerpts: The German court said it was not convinced of the Moroccan man's innocence, but the evidence was not strong enough for a conviction.
Prosecutors blamed the acquittal on the Bush administration's reluctance to make captured terrorists available for testimony and to allow prosecutors to make use of intelligence information on the terrorist network. (...)
The Bush administration's stance could also imperil the criminal prosecution of the only person facing trial in the United States on charges of involvement in the Sept. 11 attacks.
Regional Terrorist Groups Pose Growing Threat, Experts Warn, NY Times
Excerpts: (...) more than a dozen regional militant Islamic groups showing signs of growing strength and broader ambitions, even as the operational power of Al Qaeda appears diminished.
Some of the militant groups, with roots from Southeast Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus to North Africa and Europe, are believed to be loosely affiliated with Al Qaeda, the officials say. But other groups follow their own agenda, merely drawing inspiration from Osama bin Laden's periodic taped messages calling for attacks against the United States and its allies, the officials say.
Links & Snippets
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Voices of Public Intellectuals Lecture Series: Democracy's Response to the Terrorist Threat
Now in its fifth year, the Radcliffe Institute Voices of Public Intellectuals lecture series brings issues affecting civic life to a public forum. This year's series of three lectures features experts in the study of terrorism and the prosecution of terrorists to explore the effects of terrorism on democracy. These lectures take place in Cambridge on February 26, March 4, and March 11 at 4 p.m.
- World Economic Forum 2004, Davos, Switzerland
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Riding the Next Democratic Wave,
Al-Thani, Khan, Vike-Freiberga, Wade, Soros, Zakaria, World Economic Forum, 04/01/25
- The Future of Global Interdependence, Kharrazi, Held, Owens, Shourie, Annan, Martin, Schwab, World Economic Forum, 04/01/25
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Why Victory Against Terrorism Demands Shared Values
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The Process of Curricular Review: Redefining a World-Class Education, Benedict Gross, Thomas Bender, Harvard@home, 04/01/21, Dean of Harvard College Benedict Gross discusses Harvard's first comprehensive review of the undergraduate curriculum in almost 3 decades. This program introduces the process of curricular review by presenting two segmented lectures. The first, by Dean Gross, outlines the approach and considerations in undertaking the current review. The second lecture, presented by NYU Professor Thomas Bender, presents a historical perspective on academic culture.
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Cancer Biology , NPR Talk of the Nation, 04/01/16, How the spread of cancer is like wound healing gone awry.
- Tracking Ebola , NPR Talk of the Nation, 04/01/16, A new study might help scientists predict where Ebola may!
strike next.
- Animal Thought and Communication, NPR Talk of the Nation, 04/01/16,
How do animals think and communicate with each other? And what can studying animals tell us about the evolution of language in humans? In this hour, NPR's Ira Flatow and guests look at thought and communication in apes, gorillas and monkeys. What can non-human primates tell us about communication in humans?
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What Really Matters ?The Global Forum 2004, Santa Fe, NM, 04/05/02-04
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Recognizing the world as one vast interconnected system is essential to understanding the level of complexity in today's global environment.
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This course is designed to give you a working knowledge of complexity science, and to show how to apply insights from the new science to your life and work, and to world events.
