Nov. 24, 2003
Scientists Hail New 'Map Of Life', BBC News 
Excerpts: Biologists have produced a detailed map of protein interactions in a complex organism - the fruit fly.
Proteins, which are made by genes, are the building blocks of tissues as well as the basis for molecular interactions that enable an organism to live.
The protein interaction map will allow a new insight into a highly complex metabolic system, similar in many ways to the human one. (...)
This map is a starting point for what is being called a systems biology modelling of animals including humans,(...)
Cancer Robustness: Tumour Tactics, Nature
Excerpts: Cancer is an extremely complex and heterogeneous disease that exhibits a high level of robustness against a range of therapeutic efforts. Robustness enables a system to maintain functionality in the face of various external and internal perturbations. (...) For example, heterogeneity among tumour cells provides a high level of redundancy, and hence increased chances of survival and growth; these benefits are further enhanced by feedback controls at the cellular level. Viewing cancer as a robust system may provide insight for the development of new drugs and therapies.
Cancers Obey Universal Law Of Growth, NewScientist
Excerpts: A universal law that describes the growth of animals also seems to describe the growth of tumours. (...) researchers are already using it to explore the way cancers invade healthy tissue.
As an animal's mass increases, so does the number of cells within it. But the blood supply that feeds those cells grows more slowly. As a result, an increasing proportion of the available nutrients go towards maintaining existing cells rather than the growth of new ones, so the rate of growth slows and ultimately comes to a halt.
Circadian Clock Genes May Provide Targets For New Cancer Drugs, ScienceDaily
Excerpts: A tumor's growth may be controlled by a complex, gene-controlled "clock"- and jamming that "clock" can offer a new way to fight cancer, according to two studies (...). Tumor cell circadian clock genes are rhythmically expressed in coordination with rhythmic circadian growth and thereby may represent new therapeutic targets (...). The results showed that "tumors grew on average twice as fast in the 'daily activity/dark circadian phase' than during the 'sleep/light phase' of the [24 hour] circadian cycle," the team reported. (...) proportion of cancer cells actively dividing, was also most prominent during the activity phase of the circadian cycle.
A Genetic Screen in Drosophila for Metastatic Behavior, Science
Absract: A genetic screen was designed in Drosophila to interrogate its genome for mutations sufficient to cause noninvasive tumors of the eye disc to invade neighboring or distant tissues. We found that cooperation between oncogenic RasV12 expression and inactivation of any one of a number of genes affecting cell polarity leads to metastatic behavior, including basement membrane degradation, loss of E-cadherin expression, migration, invasion, and secondary tumor formation. Inactivation of these cell polarity genes cannot drive metastatic behavior alone or in combination with other tumor-initiating alterations. These findings suggest that the oncogenic background of tissues makes a distinct contribution toward metastatic development.
Evolutionary Biology: Essence Of Mitochondria, Nature
Excerpts: For years, a unicellular creature called Giardia has occupied a special place in biology because it was thought to lack mitochondria. But it does have them - though tiny, they pack a surprising anaerobic punch.
All known life-forms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes; (...). Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and compartments that are surrounded by two membranes, but prokaryotic cells never do. The prokaryotes came first; eukaryotes (all plants, animals, fungi and protists) evolved from them, and to this day biologists hotly debate how this transition took place, (...).
The Shape We're In, Science
Excerpt: As global population increases, and the demands we make on our natural resources grow even faster, it becomes ever more clear that the well-being we seek is imperiled by what we do. Therefore, in an effort to encourage constructive thought about our collective future, we commissioned a group of short Viewpoints about some of the common resources--air, fresh water, fisheries, food and soil, energy--and key trends--in human population, biodiversity, and climate--that are most important for our general well-being.
Human Population: The Next Half Century, Science
Abstract: By 2050, the human population will probably be larger by 2 to 4 billion people, more slowly growing (declining in the more developed regions), more urban, especially in less developed regions, and older than in the 20th century. Two major demographic uncertainties in the next 50 years concern international migration and the structure of families. Economies, nonhuman environments, and cultures (including values, religions, and politics) strongly influence demographic changes. Hence, human choices, individual and collective, will have demographic effects, intentional or otherwise.
Prospects for Biodiversity, Science
Abstract: Assuming no radical transformation in human behavior, we can expect important changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services by 2050. A considerable number of species extinctions will have taken place. Existing large blocks of tropical forest will be much reduced and fragmented, but temperate forests and some tropical forests will be stable or increasing in area, although the latter will be biotically impoverished. Marine ecosystems will be very different from today's, with few large marine predators, and freshwater biodiversity will be severely reduced almost everywhere. These changes will not, in themselves, threaten the survival of humans as a species.
Dynamical Motifs: Building Blocks of Complex Network Dynamics, arXiv
Abstract: Spatio-temporal network dynamics is an emergent property of many complex systems which remains poorly understood. We suggest a new approach to its study based on the analysis of dynamical motifs -- small subnetworks with periodic and chaotic dynamics. We simulate randomly connected neural networks and, with increasing density of connections, observe the transition from quiescence to periodic and chaotic dynamics. We explain this transition by the appearance of dynamical motifs in the structure of these networks. We also observe domination of periodic dynamics in simulations of spatially distributed networks with local connectivity and explain it by absence of chaotic and presence of periodic motifs in their structure.
Grid "Building Blocks" Reduce Complexity, Grid Today
Excerpts: Sun announced the next phase of its Grid computing strategy that uses "building blocks" to tailor Grids to the specific needs of customers. Sun's building blocks for Grid come in four categories: access, data, computation and visualization. Sun's "access software" enables efficient usage of resources regardless of location and is provided through a new Grid Portal solution that relies on the Sun Grid Engine Enterprise Edition software and the industry standard Globus toolkit.
Smaller Computer Chips Built Using DNA as Template, NYTimes
Excerpts: The new technique takes advantage of a biological process known as recombination, where a segment of DNA is swapped out for an almost identical piece. The cell uses recombination to repair damaged DNA and to swap genes. A special protein helps connect the replacement DNA to the desired location.
By attaching a nanotube to the protein, the nanotube moves to an exact location along the DNA strand.
"The DNA serves as a scaffold, a template that will determine where the carbon nanotubes will sit," (...).
"Hope Is a Lousy Defense.", Wired
Excerpts: Sun refugee Bill Joy talks about greedy markets, reckless science, and runaway technology. (...)
I'm not saying the government should do it. Centralized strategies - things like Admiral Poindexter's Total Information Awareness program - don't work. What I'm saying is "physician, heal thyself." People in the various scientific communities have to police themselves. (...)
I certainly think a Hippocratic Oath for scientists would be useful. And I think an essential part of getting control of technology will be for international organizations to take a lead in promoting ethical scientific behavior. The Pugwash organization's work on sensible nuclear policy is a strong example.
An Evolved Spatial Memory Bias In A Nectar-Feeding Bird?, Animal Behaviour
Abstract: Studies have shown that nectar-feeding birds more easily learn to avoid a previously rewarding location (to win-shift) than to return to such a location (to win-stay). This pattern has been interpreted as evidence of an evolved adaptation to the fact that nectar is a depleting resource; however, such a conclusion requires ruling out the possibility that this tendency is a consequence of the experience of individual birds (...). We tested the tendency of captive-reared Regent honeyeaters (...). The birds generally avoided rewarding locations after a short retention interval but returned to these locations after a long retention interval.
A Self-Sustaining, Light-Entrainable Circadian Oscillator In The Drosophila Brain, Current Biol.
Abstract: The circadian clock of Drosophila is able to drive behavioral rhythms for many weeks in continuous darkness. We show that only a subset of the previously described pacemaker neurons is able to sustain PERIOD protein oscillations after 5 days in constant darkness. In addition, we identified a sustained and autonomous molecular oscillator in a group of clock neurons in the dorsal brain with heretofore unknown function. We found that these "dorsal neurons" (DNs) can synchronize behavioral rhythms (...) play a prominent role in controlling locomotor behavior when flies are exposed to natural light-dark cycles.
Long-Legged Flies Displaying Remarkable Wing Directional Asymmetry, Proc. Biol. Sc.
Abstract: A previously unknown group of flies is described whose males exhibit directional asymmetry, in that the left wing is larger than, and of a different shape from, the right wing (...) not previously been reported in an animal capable of flight. Such consistent asymmetry must result from a left-right axis during development, a level of differentiation whose existence has been questioned for insects. The 'handicap principle' provides a possible explanation: females will choose a mate with the greatest handicap because his survival, in spite of his handicap, is a measure of his genetic superiority.
Persistence of Memory in Drop Breakup: The Breakdown of Universality, Science
Abstract: A low-viscosity drop breaking apart inside a viscous fluid is encountered when air bubbles, entrained in thick syrup or honey, rise and break apart. Experiments, simulations, and theory show that the breakup under conditions in which the interior viscosity can be neglected produces an exceptional form of singularity. In contrast to previous studies of drop breakup, universality is violated so that the final shape at breakup retains an imprint of the initial and boundary conditions. A finite interior viscosity, no matter how small, cuts off this form of singularity and produces an unexpectedly long and slender thread. If exterior viscosity is large enough, however, the cutoff does not occur because the minimum drop radius reaches subatomic dimensions first.
A Heavenly Example of Scale Free Networks and Self-Organized Criticality, arXiv
Abstract: The sun provides an explosive, heavenly example of self-organized criticality. Sudden bursts of intense radiation emanate from rapid rearrangements of the magnetic field network in the corona. Avalanches are triggered by loops of flux that reconnect or snap into lower energy configurations when they are overly stressed. Our recent analysis of observational data reveals that the loops (links) and footpoints (nodes), where they attach on the photosphere, embody a scale free network. The statistics of the avalanches and of the network structure are unified through a simple dynamical model where the avalanches and network co-generate each other into a complex, critical state. This particular example points toward a general dynamical mechanism for self-generation of complex networks.
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Excerpts: The House passed a mammoth energy bill Tuesday -- one that Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., called a "leave no lobbyist behind" bill. As the vote moves to the Senate, we'll take a look at the energy bill. What's missing, and how does the new bill shape energy policy? Guests: Harry Braun III,
*Chairman and CEO, Sustainable Partners, Inc.
*Chairman, Hydrogen Political Action Committee,
*Advisory Board Member, International Association of Hydrogen Energy,
*Author of The Phoenix Project: Shifting from Oil to Hydrogen with Wartime Speed
Vijay Vaitheeswaran,
*Energy and Environment Correspondent, The Economist,
*Author of Power to the People: How the Coming Energy Revolution Will Transform an Industry, Change Our Lives, and Maybe Even Save the Planet
Editor's Note:: Alternatives to a fast transition (within a decade) to a hydrogen economy from fossil fuels and a fleet of
windships are discussed in this show.
Pushing Energy Conservation Into the Back Seat of the S.U.V., NYTimes
Excerpts: Many Americans would like to import less oil, (...). But that has not stopped them from buying bigger homes and cars.
As a result, the United States is importing an ever increasing share of its oil needs, 55 percent in the first seven months of this year. That compares with about 28 percent 20 years ago, at the height of the consumer switch to vehicles that are more fuel efficient, and with nearly 35 percent in 1973, before the first Arab oil embargo.
Brain Model Puts Most Sophisticated Regions Front and Center, Science
Excerpt: The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that brainstorms. Brain imaging studies show that it's activated when someone solves problems, juggles competing hypotheses, or remembers to stick to a tight schedule. Given this variety of responsibilities, many cognitive neuroscientists have overheated their own prefrontal cortices trying to figure out how this area of the brain is organized. Now a study on page 1181 proposes that the prefrontal cortex has a hierarchical organization built around a set of nested general functions.
Cognitive Control in the Human Prefrontal Cortex, Science
Abstract: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves cognitive control: the ability to coordinate thoughts or actions in relation with internal goals. Its functional architecture, however, remains poorly understood. Using brain imaging in humans, we showed that the lateral PFC is organized as a cascade of executive processes from premotor to anterior PFC regions that control behavior according to stimuli, the present perceptual context, and the temporal episode in which stimuli occur, respectively. The results support an unified modular model of cognitive control that describes the overall functional organization of the human lateral PFC and has basic methodological and theoretical implications.
Brain Clues To Attention Disorder, NYTimes
Excerpts: "This tells us more than we knew already about the parts of the brain that are affected by ADHD," (...).
"Children with ADHD have symptoms of over-activity, impulsivity and poor concentration, but previous scans have only highlighted differences in part of the brain related to one of these problem areas - attention.
"This suggested that we were either missing something in the brain, or we did not understanding the clinical problems sufficiently.
"Now the clinical condition and the brain imaging are beginning to join up and can explain one another."
ADHD is linked to brain abnormalities
Scientists Find Brain Areas Affected By Lack Of Sleep, ScienceDaily
Excerpts: (...) investigators have found that sleeping only a few hours a night over a long period of time impairs memory and alertness. Another study shows that sleep deprivation for a short period may actually enhance memory for some tasks. Still another study provides a glimpse into what areas of the brain are impaired by sleep deprivation and how this in turn affects decision-making. (...) have used a molecular approach to investigate what happens during sleep. They have screened more than 15,000 genes to identify all those whose expression changes during sleep compared to waking, and also after sleep deprivation.
The Promise and Pitfalls of Social Networking, Darwin Magazine
Excerpts: The premises of social networking are simple and intuitive. People are social, and will naturally form groups, share information and contacts, and advance their personal agendas through interaction with others. The Internet is an amplifier for this sort of interaction.
Social networks have been studied for decades, and some of that research has made its way into popular culture, such as the notion of "six degrees of separation." This is the premise that there are no more than five intermediates between any two people on earth (...).
Evolution of the Social Brain, Science
Excerpts: We share with our monkey and ape cousins a particularly intense form of social life that, so far as we can tell, is not found in any other group of animals. For primatologists that raises two leading questions: Why are we so social (in simple evolutionary terms, does sociality confer fitness benefits?), and are unique cognitive capacities needed to service the formation of such tight social bonds? Two papers in this issue (...) report field studies of baboons that go some way toward answering these two questions.
Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival, Science
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Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival
Joan B. Silk,1* Susan C. Alberts,2,4 Jeanne Altmann3,4,5
Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value.
A Leadership Challenge: Spreading Access To Ideas, Babson Insight
Excerpts: Think about what stops ideas from spreading in an organization:
>
>
- Fear of losing credit
- Dislike for the leadership or goals of the organization
- Belief that sharing ideas will create jealousy or resentment
- Lack of knowledge that anyone knows what is desired
- Belief that only very special people (in one's inner circle) have a chance of possessing knowledge worth pursuing
- Lack of knowledge of how to find it if anyone does
- Stove-piped organization that discourages knowledge of or contact with others (...)
>
Bridging The Gap Between Rationality And Adaptation In Social Explanation, J. Evolutionary Econ.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the uneasy alliance of rational choice and evolutionary explanations in modern economics. While direct evolutionary explanations rule out "purposeful" rational choice by assuming "zero-intelligence" and pure rational choice explanations leave no room for "selective" adaptation, the indirect evolutionary approach integrates both perspectives. Subsequently we go stepwise "from teleology to evolution" and thereby study the model spectrum ranging from pure rational choice over indirect to direct evolutionary approaches. We believe that knowledge of this spectrum can help us to choose more adequate models of economic behavior that incorporate both teleological and evolutionary elements.
Bio-Cultural Effects In Medieval Populations, Econ. & Human Biol.
Abstract: Male skeletons from medieval archaeological sites are analysed to assess differences in stature and body proportions related to the bio-cultural environment, such as social, economic, and health factors. Environmental factors, such as climate change in the course of the Middle Ages, did not have statistically significant effect on body proportions in these samples. A high-status monastic population is characterised by a stocky build, i.e., increased weight for height and relatively shorter limbs, while a medieval parish population has a linear build, i.e., relatively long limbs for height and decreased weight for height.
- Source: Bio-Cultural Effects In Medieval Populations, S. A. Pandit, C. P. van Schaik - vschaik
duke.edu, DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2003.09.002, Economics & Human Biology, online 2003/11/26 - Contributed by Pritha Das - prithadas01yahoo.com
A Battle of Words Over War Intelligence, NYTimes
Excerpts: Intelligence - or rather bad intelligence - has become an obsession in Washington. Fueled by the growing casualties among American soldiers in Iraq and the administration's failure to find weapons of mass destruction there, the Central Intelligence Agency, Congress, an independent commission and scores of private experts and government analysts have been fiercely debating what went wrong in Iraq and, (...), the state of the government's intelligence capabilities.(...)
"Is Keegan right in arguing that intelligence is overrated? Yes," Mr. Holbrooke said. "But intelligence is also indispensable. And its greatest successes are preventative."
Freed From Conspiracy, NYTimes
Excerpts: There are, of course, conspiracies in American life: Watergate was one; Enron seems to be another. And conspiracy theories have oozed through the history of the republic from the days of anti-Masonry onward. But it was Kennedy's murder, (...), that left our era more inclined to reach for conspiracy as the explanation for certain events - from Roswell to the moon landing to Whitewater - (...). Few recent political pronouncements have been more depressing than Senator Edward Kennedy's declaration that the Iraq war was "a fraud" that had been "made up in Texas."
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Note: Audio files are in downloadable mp3 format for portable mp3 players or any mp3 software players. Video files are in asf format and can be played e.g. with windows media player. For the sound codec a (free) plugin might be required, but the download should be automatic.
- Source: The concept of sensorimotor contingency in an explication of sensory phenomenology and the genesis of the notion of space, J. Kevin O'Regan
- VIDEO - Summary
Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
Sec. Donald Rumsfeld & Gen. Richard Myers Town Hall Meeting, c-span Video
Transcript Excerpt: (44:53min): What it will look like -I think- that is to say what victory will look like, what the end of this will look like will be a return to a circumstance where people, when they walk out of the door, and not fearful, they are able to send their children to school and know that they're gonna come home; they are able to get on an airplane and not feel the feeling that Dick Myers mentioned that most people feel -and understandably so- and it's the kind of a task - given the nature of human beings- I'm afraid that we'll have to stay at for some period of time.
If you think about it, we could almost say: "When will we not need policemen?" And I'm afraid there gonna be people that are gonna be inclined to do damage to other human beings and so just as we need policemen in our own society we're gonna need to be able to deal with those people who are determined to go out and kill large numbers of innocent people.
Editor's Note: If the fight against terrorist networks is a form of international law enforcement, then it does not constitute a "State of War" with harsh legal restrictions to civil liberties.
'Enemy Combatant' Sham, NYTimes
Excerpts: The Bush administration insists that it can hold American citizens in secret as long as it wants, without access to lawyers, simply by calling them "enemy combatants." A New York federal appeals court heard a challenge to that policy this week by the so-called dirty bomber, Jose Padilla. The administration's position makes a mockery of the Constitution and puts every American's liberty at risk. (...) "As terrible as 9/11 was,"` Judge Rosemary Pooler observed, "it didn't repeal the Constitution."
Analysts See Terrorism Paradox: A Weaker Al Qaeda Despite Attacks, NYTimes
Excerpts: The recent surge in terrorist strikes on "soft targets" like consulates, banks and synagogues in places like Turkey and Saudi Arabia is worrying, but paradoxically reflects progress by the United States and Europe in disrupting Al Qaeda, especially its leadership structure, American and European intelligence officials said Friday.
"We continue to disrupt Al Qaeda's activities and capture more of their leaders, but the attacks are escalating," a senior counterterrorism official in Europe said. "This is a very bad sign. There are fewer leaders but more followers."
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- 'Mistakes Were Made', William Safire, 03/11/19, NYTimes
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- Learning
with Everett Rogers and Ralph Stacey: Bridging the Quality
Chasm Between Medical Knowledge and Clinical Practice,
Rockville, MD, 03/12/02-03
- Learning
with Ralph Stacey: On Thinking and Learning About Complex
Responsive Processes, Rockville, MD, 03/12/03-04
- Intl Wkshp Networks
of Interacting Machines: Industrial Production Systems and
Biological Cells, Berlin, Germany, 03/12/11-13
- 2nd
International Workshop on the Mathematics and Algorithms of
Social Insects, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
03/12/15-17
- 2nd
WSEAS Intl Conf on Non-linear Analysis, Non-linear
Systems and Chaos, Athens, Greece, 03/12/29-31
- Complex
Physical, Biological and Social Systems, MIT,
Cambridge, MA, 04/01/05-09
- 2nd
Biennial Seminar on the Philosophical, Epistemological, and
Methodological Implications of Complexity Theory,
Havana, Cuba, 04/01/07-10
- 2004
Western Simulation MultiConference (WMC'04), San Diego,
CA., USA, 04/01/18-24)
- 1st
International Workshop on Biologically Inspired Approaches to
Advanced Information Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland,
04/01/29-30
- Physics
of Socio-Economic Systems, 1st Intl Winter School
2004, Konstanz, Germany, 04/02/16-20
- Leadership in
Rapidly Changing Business Environments -Learning and Adapting
in Time, Cambridge, MA, 04/02/26-27
- 4th
Intl ICSC Symposium Engineering Of Intelligent Systems (EIS
2004), Island of Madeira, Portugal, 04/02/29-03/02
- Arbeitskreis
Physik sozio-ökonomischer Systeme Jahrestagung
(AKSOE), Regensburg, Germany, 04/03/08-12
- Capital
Science 2004, Washington, 04/03/20-21
- Fractal
2004, "Complexity and Fractals in Nature", 8th Intl
Multidisciplinary Conf, Vancouver, Canada, 04/04/04-07
- The
9th IEEE Intl Conf on Engineering of Complex
Computer Systems, Florence, Italy, 04/04/14-16
- 2004
Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference (ASTC'04),
Arlington, VA., USA, 04/04/18-22
- Urban
Vulnerability and Network Failure: Constructions and
Experiences of Emergencies, Crises and Collapse,
Manchester, UK, 04/04/29-30
- 5th
International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS2004),
Boston, MA, USA, 04/05/16-21
- 3rd Intl Conf
on Systems Thinking in Management (ICSTM 2004) "Transforming
Organizations to Achieve Sustainable Success",
Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 04/05/19-21
- 9th
Annual Workshop on Economics and Heterogeneous Interaction
Agents (WEHIA04),, Kyoto, Japan, 2004/05/27-29
- 13th
International Symposium on HIV & Emerging Infectious
Diseases, Toulon, France, 04/06/03-05
- From Animals To
Animats 8, 8th Intl Conf On The Simulation Of
Adaptive Behavior (SAB'04), Los Angeles, USA,
04/07/13-17
- 8th
World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and
Informatics, Orlando, Florida, USA, 04/07/18-21
- 2004
Summer Simulation MultiConference (SummerSim'04), San
Jose Hyatt, San Jose, California, 04/07/25-29
- ANTS
2004, 4th International Workshop on Ant Colony
Optimization and Swarm Intelligence, Brussels, Belgium,
04/09/05-08
- Dynamic
Ontology, An Inquiry into Systems, Emergence, Levels of
Reality, and Forms of Causality, Trento, Italy,
04/09/08-11
- 9th
Intl Conf on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems
(ALIFE9), Boston, Massachusetts, 04/09/12-15
- The
8th Intl Conf on Parallel Problem Solving from
Nature (PPSN VIII), Birmingham, UK, 04/09/18-22
- XVII
Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Sao
Luis, Maranhao - Brazil, 04/09/22-24
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