Complexity Digest 2002.34

26-Aug-2002

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Content

  1. Cooking the Books: The Cost to the Economy, Brookings Policy Brief
    1. Looking at the Books, the Government Way, NYTimes
    2. Digital Cash Payoff, Technology Review
  2. Logic in the Blocks, Science News
  3. Birds Spy on Neighbors to Choose Nest Sites, Science
    1. Public Information and Breeding Habitat Selection, Science
  4. 'Speech Gene' Tied to Modern Humans, Science
  5. Cosmic Smog 'Key To Life In Milky Way', New Scientist
    1. Why Specified Complexity Cannot be Purchased Without Intelligence, BioSystems
  6. Small Numbers of Big Molecules, Science
    1. Stochastic Gene Expression in a Single Cell, Science
  7. Protein-Misfolding Diseases: Getting Out Of Shape, Nature
  8. Signal Transduction: Positive Feedback From Coffee, Nature
  9. Cell Motility: Braking WAVEs, Nature
  10. Faster Chips That March to Their Own Improvised Beat, NYTimes
  11. Chip Design Aims For Quantum Leap, TRN News
  12. Superconductivity: Mind The Double Gap, Nature
  13. Macroscopically Ordered State In An Exciton System, Nature
  14. DARPA To Support Development Of Human Brain-Machine Interfaces, Duke News Service
    1. Eyes Write, Nature News Service
    2. Fast Hands-Free Writing By Gaze Direction, Nature
  15. Climate Model Under Fire As Rains Fail India, Nature
    1. Projecting How Climate Change May Rearrange Mexican Ecosystems, enVision
  16. Relational Techniques for Financial Applications, arXiv
  17. Pre-Integration Lateral Inhibition Enhances Unsupervised Learning, Neural Computation
  18. Dynamical Small-World Behavior In An Epidemical Model, Physica D
    1. Unexpected Consequences of Connections, Science
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
    1. Making the Anti-Terrorism Pact Work, The Straits Times
    2. A White House in Search of a Policy, NYTimes
    3. The Technology of Megaterror, Technology Review
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Other Publications
    2. Webcast Announcements

  1. Cooking the Books: The Cost to the Economy, Brookings Policy Brief Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: In this brief, we provide a ballpark estimate of the costs to the economy which we estimate will be approximately $35 billion, or .34 percent, off of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), in the first year, assuming the market does not recover from its July 19 level or drop substantially below it. The total, which is calculated using the Federal Reserve Board's model of the U.S. economy, represents the range of what the federal government spends per year on homeland security (...).

    1. Looking at the Books, the Government Way, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The most recent report, covering 2001, was signed by Treasury Secretary Paul H. O'Neill. It concluded that the government ran a deficit of $515 billion, using the accounting rules that are supposed to govern corporations.

      By the accounting techniques normally used by Washington, the government posted a surplus last year of $127 billion. The difference stemmed largely from competing methods of accounting for health and pension costs. (...)

      The government's finances continue to be opaque, complex and driven by politics in a way that private-sector bookkeeping generally is not.


    2. Digital Cash Payoff, Technology Review Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Simplicity and fraud prevention are helping PayPal make digital payments real. A worried credit card industry takes note.

      (...) estimated to be $2 billion in annual credit card fraud losses, with a disproportionate share of those losses occurring online.

      Whereas Visa reports an overall fraud rate of .07 percent, (...) the figure soars to 1.13 percent for online transactions. (...)

      The backbone of PayPal's success is its fraud squad. Levchin heads a team of 100 employees, about one sixth of the company's personnel, who work full time fighting fraud (...).


  2. Logic in the Blocks, Science News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: To get a measure of Rush Hour's computational complexity, Flake and Baum considered a generalized version of the puzzle-one in which the grid could be any number of cells wide and the single exit could be placed at any location on the grid's perimeter. They focused on the computer resources that would be required to determine whether there's a legal sequence of moves that permits the target car to exit.

    The researchers proved that their generalized Rush Hour belongs to a category of computational problems described as PSPACE.

     


  3. Birds Spy on Neighbors to Choose Nest Sites, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Summary: Information is power, even for birds. Faced with tough choices, animals that know how others have fared in comparable situations can make better decisions. On page 1168, researchers report that collared flycatchers decide where to nest and whether to return the next year based in part on knowledge of their neighbors' reproductive success.

    1. Public Information and Breeding Habitat Selection, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: According to the "public information" hypothesis, some animal species may monitor the current reproductive success of (...). To test this hypothesis experimentally, we manipulated two components of public information, the mean number of offspring raised locally ("quantity") and their condition ("quality"), in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Immigration rate decreased with local offspring quantity but did not depend on local offspring quality, suggesting that immigrants are deprived of information regarding local quality. Conversely, emigration rate increased both when local offspring quantity or quality decreased, suggesting that residents can use both components of public information.

       


  4. 'Speech Gene' Tied to Modern Humans, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Last year the community was abuzz over the identification of the first gene implicated in the ability to speak. This week, a research group shows that the human version of this so-called speech gene appears to date back no more than 200,000 years--about the time that anatomically modern humans emerged. The authors argue that their findings are consistent with previous speculations that the worldwide expansion of modern humans was driven by the emergence of full-blown language abilities.

  5. Cosmic Smog 'Key To Life In Milky Way', New Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts:Researchers are now considering the possibility that PAHs themselves might have been involved in the earliest cells. (...)

    PAHs might even have allowed primitive organisms to capture light energy in a kind of basic photosynthesis, according to chemist David Deamer of the University of California, Santa Cruz.

    He has found that PAHs absorb near-ultraviolet and deep blue light, allowing them to donate electrons to other molecules, just as chlorophyll does. PAHs could be incorporated into membranes and deliver electrons, Deamer says, potentially "starting a whole chain of reactions."


    1. Why Specified Complexity Cannot be Purchased Without Intelligence, BioSystems Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Ever since its inception, the theory of evolution has come under attack by creationists, who find its account of life's diversity threatening to their religious beliefs. Modern creationists have had essentially zero impact on science, but their political impact has been significant, especially in the US. There they have managed to get evolution downplayed in biology curricula and disclaimers inserted in biology textbooks. (...) Roughly speaking, advocates of ID wish to infer intelligent causes from complex phenomena. Since life is complex, ID proponents conclude it must have been designed by an intelligence. Many ID advocates openly admit that this `intelligence' can be identified with the deity of Christianity (Maynard, 2001). ID proponents have received much media attention, although their scientific output, as measured by articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, is non-existent (Gilchrist and Forrest).


  6. Small Numbers of Big Molecules, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Biologists tend to think deterministically. A case in point is their prolonged search for the "founder cells" of the slime mould Dictyostelium. These amoebae emit pulsatile cAMP signals under starvation conditions, mobilizing neighboring cells to surround them and form a motile multicellular slug that wanders off to form spores. Despite their efforts, biologists never could find the founder cells. The reason is that all Dictyostelium amoebae have the capacity to produce cAMP signals, and becoming a founder cell is a matter of chance--it's a stochastic process

    1. Stochastic Gene Expression in a Single Cell, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Clonal populations of cells exhibit substantial phenotypic variation. Such heterogeneity can be essential for many biological processes and is conjectured to arise from stochasticity, or noise, in gene expression. (...) Both stochasticity inherent in the biochemical process of gene expression (intrinsic noise) and fluctuations in other cellular components (extrinsic noise) contribute substantially to overall variation. Transcription rate, regulatory dynamics, and genetic factors control the amplitude of noise. These results establish a quantitative foundation for modeling noise in genetic networks and reveal how low intracellular copy numbers of molecules can fundamentally limit the precision of gene regulation.


  7. Protein-Misfolding Diseases: Getting Out Of Shape, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Editor's Note: Alzheimer's disease and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) (also known as "ALS") are believed to be caused by proteins taking on primordial shapes instead of the biologically important evolved forms.

    Excerpts: The astonishing complexity and variety of natural proteins is determined by the unique way in which the various side chains of the constituent amino acids pack together. (...) In fact, the generic fibrillar forms of proteins can be regarded as the intrinsic 'polymer' structure (...).

    The existence of such structures has enabled proteins to develop a vast array of biological functions. But their ability to revert to the 'primordial' structure lingers, because the main chain of the polypeptide is preserved as a common feature of all natural proteins.


  8. Signal Transduction: Positive Feedback From Coffee, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Caffeine acts on our nerve cells to wake us up. It turns out that it does so through a molecular signalling pathway that involves a positive feedback loop, boosting caffeine's effects from inside the cell.

    (...) Both neurotransmitters and neuromodulators produce many of their effects through complex, slow signalling pathways that modify other neuronal proteins by the addition and removal of phosphate groups (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively)6. This can change the physiological properties of the target proteins, which might be other receptors, ion channels or pumps, or gene-transcription factors.


  9. Cell Motility: Braking WAVEs, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: When cells move, they alter their internal skeleton to push membrane out at the front and pull it in at the back. New work fills in some of the gaps in our knowledge of how this process is regulated.

    Cells come in many different shapes, depending on their function. Neurons, for example, extend long, branching protrusions (axons) to form the web of cellular connections found in the brain. Many other types of cell use changes in their shape to move, and this is an essential property of immune cells, (...).


  10. Faster Chips That March to Their Own Improvised Beat, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Advances in the speed and complexity of integrated circuits will soon force designers to learn the newer asynchronous techniques and their potential, said Steven Nowick, an associate professor of computer science at Columbia University.

    "The number of transistors is going through the roof," he said. Within a few years, 100 million to one billion transistors are expected to reside on a single chip. "In another 5 to 10 years, there's not going to be any other way to handle systems this complex," he said.


  11. Chip Design Aims For Quantum Leap, TRN News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: The power of a quantum computer comes from the ability to check every possible combination of numbers at once to find the answer to a problem that can have more possibilities than there are atoms in the universe. Ordinary computers have to check each possible answer one at a time.

    Researchers have already come up with software that would allow quantum computers to crack secret codes and search massive databases.

    The Wisconsin work is a good effort that adds "many realistic details" to quantum dot research, (...)


  12. Superconductivity: Mind The Double Gap, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Magnesium diboride superconducts at an unexpectedly high temperature. It is now clear that the material also has an unusual, but long-sought, 'double energy gap' structure that influences its superconductivity.

    In 1986, an 'earthquake' hit the field of high-temperature superconductivity: layered copper oxides with complicated crystal structures were discovered to superconduct at amazingly high temperatures, 90-100 K and above (...). Then came the aftershock, with the announcement by Jun Akimitsu1 last year that a simple intermetallic compound superconducts at almost double the temperature of previously studied intermetallic compounds.


  13. Macroscopically Ordered State In An Exciton System, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: There is a rich variety of quantum liquids-such as superconductors, liquid helium and atom Bose-Einstein condensates-that exhibit macroscopic coherence (...). Experimental observation of a macroscopically ordered electronic state in semiconductors has, however, remained a challenging and relatively unexplored problem. (...) Here we report photoluminescence measurements of a quasi-two-dimensional exciton gas in GaAs/AlGaAs coupled quantum wells and the observation of a macroscopically ordered exciton state. Our spatially resolved measurements reveal (...) structures that form periodic arrays over lengths up to 1 mm.

  14. DARPA To Support Development Of Human Brain-Machine Interfaces, Duke News Service Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: According to Nicolelis, the initial concentration of the new center will be on neuroprosthetic arms for paralyzed people, based on the success of initial experiments with animals.

    "Last year, we reported experiments in primates showing that a brain-machine interface could, indeed, control a robot arm," said Nicolelis. (...)

    In the experiments, the scientists used arrays of up to 96 electrodes to sense signals from multiple areas of the brain, including the motor cortex from which movement is controlled.


    1. Eyes Write, Nature News Service Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: New software could allow computer users with disabilities or busy hands to write nearly twice as fast, more accurately and more comfortably than before. The software could also speed up writing on palm-tops and typing in Japanese and Chinese, its developers say.

      The package, called Dasher, "exploits our eyes' natural ability to navigate and spot familiar patterns" (...)

      An eye-tracking device lets users select letters from a screen. Dasher calculates the probability of one letter coming after another. It then presents the letters required (...).

      • Eyes Write, Tom Clarke, Nature News Service, 02/08/22

    2. Fast Hands-Free Writing By Gaze Direction, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Here we describe a method for text entry (...) that relies on gaze direction alone and which is faster and more accurate than using an on-screen keyboard. These benefits are derived from two innovations: the writing task is matched to the capabilities of the eye, and a language model is used to make predictable words and phrases easier to write. (...)

      (...) delve into a theoretical 'library' that contains all possible books, and find the book that contains exactly the desired piece of text3; writing thus becomes a navigational task.


  15. Climate Model Under Fire As Rains Fail India, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Many researchers point out that the prediction of extreme events - such as the failure of the rains - will always be challenging for this type of model. But some are now questioning the IMD's choice of criteria, and others say that the government should switch to more sophisticated general-circulation models (GCMs). These calculate the evolution of the ocean-atmosphere system by combining dynamic equations with data on initial conditions.

    "The real challenge in long-range monsoon forecasting is to predict the extreme drought events," (...)

     


    1. Projecting How Climate Change May Rearrange Mexican Ecosystems, enVision Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: A set of large-scale ecological models predicts that over the next 50 years the changing climate in Mexico-which is expected to become warmer and frequently drier-is likely to bring about great instability for the nation's animal species. The models predict that the changing climate will shuffle Mexican ecosystems-throwing new combinations of predators and prey together, introducing invasive diseases and parasites, and shrinking the geographical ranges of a majority of species.


  16. Relational Techniques for Financial Applications, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: Currently statistical and artificial neural network methods dominate in financial data mining. Alternative relational (symbolic) data mining methods have shown their effectiveness in robotics, drug design and other applications. Traditionally symbolic methods prevail in the areas with significant non-numeric (symbolic) knowledge, such as relative location in robot navigation. At first glance, stock market forecast looks as a pure numeric area irrelevant to symbolic methods. One of our major goals is to show that financial time series can benefit significantly from relational data mining based on symbolic methods. The paper overviews relational data mining methodology and develops this techniques for financial data mining.

  17. Pre-Integration Lateral Inhibition Enhances Unsupervised Learning, Neural Computation Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: A large and influential class of neural network architectures use post-integration lateral inhibition as a mechanism for competition. We argue that these algorithms are computationally deficient in that they fail to generate, or learn, appropriate perceptual representations under certain circumstances. An alternative neural network architecture is presented in which nodes compete for the right to receive inputs rather than for the right to generate outputs. This form of competition, implemented through pre-integration lateral inhibition, does provide appropriate coding properties and can be used to efficiently learn such representations. Furthermore, this architecture is consistent with both neuro-anatomical and neuro-physiological data. We thus argue that pre-integration lateral inhibition has computational advantages over conventional neural network architectures while remaining equally biologically plausible.

  18. Dynamical Small-World Behavior In An Epidemical Model, Physica D Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: Preliminary results in a simple model of disease spreading within a population of socially interacting mobile individuals are discussed. It is shown that when the traveling path of random walkers is varied from the local neighborhood to possible long-distance, a small-world effect appears affecting the percolation density that separates the endemic state from the disease-free state.

    1. Unexpected Consequences of Connections, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: The Internet. Metabolic pathways within a cell. Data-sharing relationships in scientific collaborations. Food webs. Pathways of HIV infection. Corporate board memberships. What principles govern the structure of such systems? What statements can be made about their properties? Might these diverse systems have something in common, beyond the fact that they can all be thought of as networks--collections of nodes connected by links? Two recent books, Albert-László Barabási's Linked and Mark Buchanan's Nexus, tell the fascinating story of how these questions came to be posed and ultimately answered.


  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Many South-east Asians fear the new pact will encourage the Bush administration to abandon traditional concern for civil liberties and turn a blind eye to some leaders' pursuits of opponents, in the guise of eradicating extremism.

    In his swing around South-east Asia, Mr Powell maintained that he touched on human rights in every capital. Beyond intensifying these dialogues, the US should help establish a regional framework to protect rights, by giving greater support to the nascent Asean Human Rights Working Group.


    1. Making the Anti-Terrorism Pact Work, The Straits Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Does the Bush administration know what it's doing in the Middle East? (...)

      None of this would matter much if we were talking about policy toward Benin. But in the Middle East our vital interests in oil and Israel intersect with the war on terrorism. It is a region seething with anger toward the United States. Our credibility is essential to our effectiveness there. But the administration's lack of coherence, and the widening gap between its rhetoric and its actions, are casting doubt on that credibility.


    2. A White House in Search of a Policy, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: (...) high-efficiency filters-which are already widely available-could offer some degree of protection against a number of bioweapons. Such filters aren't a perfect solution, though, because contaminated air still circulates for a time before getting routed through the filter. But if living and working spaces were maintained at positive pressure so that any leaked air flowed out instead of in, high-efficiency filtration of "makeup air"-that required to maintain the positive pressure-could reduce the risk of bioweapon exposure by a factor of a thousand or more.


    3. The Technology of Megaterror, Technology Review Next Article Bookmark and Share

  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. High Speed Biomechanics: Caught On Camera, Rex Dalton, Nature 418, 721 - 722 (2002); doi:10.1038/418721a , recording animal movements that are too fast for the human eye to follow, high-speed digital video is transforming studies at the interface of biomechanics, neuroscience and evolutionary biology.
    2. Physiology: Muscle Regulator Goes The Distance, Richard Turner, Nature 418, 740 (2002); doi:10.1038/418740a, A protein has been discovered that converts 'fast-twitch' muscle fibres into 'slow-twitch' fibres in mice. That enables isolated mouse muscles to sustain contraction for much longer than normal, doi:10.1038/418740a
    3.  The Secular Society Gets Religion, Felicia R. Lee, NYTimes, 02/08/24
    4. The Dynamics Of Logical Decisions: A Neural Network Approach, E. Mizraji , J. Lin, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, Vol. 168-169 (C), pp.:386-396, August 2002
    5. A New Dimension To Turing Patterns, T. Leppänen, M. Karttunen, K. Kaski, R. A. Barrio, L. Zhang, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, Vol. 168-169 (C), pp.:35-44, August 2002
    6. Size-Dependent Symmetry Breaking In Models For Morphogenesis, R.A. Barrio, P.K. Maini , J. L. Aragón , M. Torres, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, Vol. 168-169 (C), pp.:61-72, August 2002
    7. Information Transmission And Storage Sustained By Noise, M.F. Carusela, R.P.J. Perazzo, L. Romanelli, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, Vol. 168-169 (C), pp.:177-183, August 2002
    8. Characteristic Times And Current Inversion In Inertial Ratchets With Colored Thermal Noise, L. Viana  , V. Romero-Rochín, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, Vol. 168-169 (C), pp.:193-204, August 2002
    9. Inferring Strategies For Sentence Ordering In Multidocument News Summarization, Barzilay, R., Elhadad, N., McKeown K.R., J. Artificial Intell. Res. (JAIR), Vol. 17, pp:35-55, July 2002
    10. Contributed by Atin Das
    11. Passive Random Walkers And Riverlike Networks On Growing Surfaces, C. Chin, Phys. Rev. E 66, 021104,2002
    12. Scaling Properties Of Fluctuations In The Human Electroencephalogram, Phy. Rev. E, R. C. Hwa, T. C. Ferree, Phys. Rev. E 66,021901, August 2002

    1. Other Publications Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Seventh International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, Edinburgh, UK, 02/08/04-11, Video/Audio Reports
      2. Audio Files Available From Smallpox Vaccination Forum, The National Academies' Institute of Medicine, 02/08/08
      3. Brookings Report Urges Congress to Revise President Bush's Homeland Security Proposal, A Brookings Press Briefing, 02/07/15, Event Video
      4. International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS2002), Nashua, NH, 02/06/09-14 (video + mp3 downloadable audio)
      5. Understanding Complex Systems: Symposium Complexity in Physical and Biological Structures, Medicine & Ecology, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 02/05/13-15
      6. ROBOT: The Future of Flesh and Machine, Rodney A. Brooks, MIT AI Lab, Talk given at the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences of the University of Sussex, May 14th, 2002.
      7. Dean LeBaron's Archive of Daily Video Commentary, Ongoing Since February 1998

    2. Webcast Announcements Bookmark and Share

      1. 7th Experimental Chaos Conference, San Diego, USA, 02/08/25-29
      2. Econophysics Conference, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 02/08/29-31
      3. Self-Organisation and Evolution of Social Behaviour, Monte Veritŕ, Switzerland, 02/09/08-13
      4. Complex Systems (CS02) Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 02/09/10-12
      5. 3rd Intl NAISO Symposium on Engineering Of Intelligent Systems (EIS 20020), Malaga, Spain, 02/09/24-27
      6. Seminar on Non-equilibrium Phenomena and Phase Transitions in Complex Systems, Avila, Spain, 02/09/24-28.
      7. ACRI 2002, 5th Intl Conf on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry, Geneva, Switzerland, 02/10/09-11 
      8. Healthy Organizations & Leadership: What We Can Learn From Complexity Science, Flemington, NJ, 02/09/ 27-28
      9. Dynamical Systems Methods for Advanced Diagnosis and Prognosis, 39th Annual Technical Meeting of the Society of Engineering Science, University Park, Pennsylvania, 02/10/13-16
      10. Artificial Worlds, Camden, ME, 02/10/18-20
      11. 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Simulated Evolution And Learning (SEAL'02), 9th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP'02), International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD'02), Singapore, 02/11/18-22
      12. Dynamical Neuroscience X: From Experiments and Models to Brain Theory, Orlando, Florida, 02/11/01-02
      13. International Conference on Systems, Development and Self-Organization (ICSDS'2002 ),Beijing, 02/11/30-12/01
      14. Managing the Complex IV, Naples , FL, 02/12/07-10
      15. 23rd Army Science Conference (ASC): "Transformational Science & Technology for the Army....a race for speed and precision.", Orlando Fl, 02/12/02-05
      16. Artificial Life VIII, UNSW, Sydney, Australia, 02/12/09-13
        1. 1st Workshop on the Modelling of Dynamical Hierarchies in Alife (WDH 2002)
      17. Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences (HICSS-36), Big Island, Hawaii, 03/01/06-09
      18. INSC 2003, International Nonlinear Sciences Conference Research and Applications in the Life Sciences,Vienna, Austria, 03/02/07-09
      19. 21st ICDE World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Hong Kong, 03/06/01-05
      20. 2003 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2003), Chicago, IL,03/07/12-16
      21. 2003 AAAI Spring Symposium Series, Computational Synthesis: From Basic Building Blocks To High Level Functionality, Stanford, 03/03/24-27

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