Complexity Digest 2002.08

25-Feb-2002

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Content

  1. What Made Humans Modern?, Science
    1. In Search of the First Hominids, Science
    2. New Fossils Raise Molecular Questions, Science
    3. Why Get Smart?, Science
    4. Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa, Science
  2. Antagonistic Coevolution Between The Sexes In A Group Of Insects, Nature
  3. Hotspots And The Conservation Of Evolutionary History, PNAS
    1. Marine Biodiversity Hotspots and Conservation Priorities for Tropical Reefs, Science
  4. Large Extinctions In An Evolutionary Model: The Role Of Innovation And Keystone Species, PNAS
  5. Capital Accumulation in Open-Access Fishery: A Qualitative Dynamic Approach, arXiv
  6. Computers, Paradoxes and the Foundations of Mathematics, American Scientist
    1. A Mechanism for Randomness, arXiv
  7. An Introduction To The Main Principles Of Emulation: Motor Control, Imagery, And Perception, CogPrints
    1. Perspectives And Problems In Motor Learning, Trends in Cognitive Science
  8. The Neural Basis Of Intermittent Motor Control In Humans, PNAS
  9. Midbrain Control of Three-Dimensional Head Orientation, Science
  10. Light On Embryo's Asymmetric Brain, Int. Soc. Dev. Neuroscience
  11. Blind As A Human, Int. Soc. Dev. Neuroscience
  12. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Face Recognition In Human Infants, J. Cog. Neuroscience
  13. The Emerging Conceptual Framework Of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Nature
  14. The Stem Cell-Cloning Plot Thickens, The Scientist
    1. Please Don't Call It Cloning!, Science
  15. Building Brand New Kidneys, The Scientist
  16. Rational Imitation In Preverbal Infants, Nature
  17. Diagnosing Cancer With Artificial Neural Networks, The Scientist
  18. Citation Analysis: The Counting House, Nature
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
    1. Pentagon Readies Efforts to Sway Sentiment Abroad, NYTimes
    2. Military Attack By Remote Control, Reader's Comment:
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Other Papers
    2. Conference Announcements

  1. What Made Humans Modern?, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: In modern humans, (...), the face and eyes are tucked under the braincase, rather than thrust forward prognathously, as in all other now-extinct human species.

    (...), which may have accommodated an expansion in the key frontal or temporal lobes of the brain, was produced by small evolutionary adjustments in a few bones along the base of the skull, possibly due to only a handful of genetic changes. If he's right, the rise of modern humans may have been a relatively abrupt event rather than a gradual evolution.


    1. In Search of the First Hominids, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The first surprise is that more than one type of hominid may have been living between 6 million and 5 million years ago and that these very early hominids show diversity in their teeth and anatomy. That suggests a period of hominid evolution even earlier than most researchers have believed (...) Another surprise is that the oldest hominids were walking upright yet living in woodlands, dealing a lethal blow to the hypothesis that bipedalism emerged when hominids first stood up and stretched their legs on the savanna.


    2. New Fossils Raise Molecular Questions, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: For years, molecular biologists have been analyzing our family relations by scanning the DNA of living primates (...). Almost every study has concluded that humans and our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, last shared a common ancestor about 5 million to 7 million years ago. (...)

      Even if the new fossils hold up as hominids, Hedges says the data fit, allowing half a million years for hominids to diversify into the fossil genera Orrorin and Ardipithecus. "If [paleontologists] have something at 6 million years [ago], no problem," Hedges says.


    3. Why Get Smart?, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: But if conditions varied so often, what exactly were humans adapting to? To variation itself, (...) human evolution is marked by an increasing ability to deal with change--the result of a process he calls "variability selection"--rather than adaptation to specific habitats. And this ability, he believes, reached its height with modern humans. The hallmarks of Homo sapiens, he says, are "the use of complex symbolic codes and abstraction, [which] presented the potential for behavioral diversification and extraordinarily sophisticated alteration of the surroundings."


    4. Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: In the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic after about 35,000 years ago, abstract or depictional images provide evidence for cognitive abilities considered integral to modern human behavior. Here we report on two abstract representations engraved on pieces of red ochre recovered from the Middle Stone Age layers at Blombos Cave in South Africa. (...)These engravings support the emergence of modern human behavior in Africa at least 35,000 years before the start of the Upper Paleolithic.


  2. Antagonistic Coevolution Between The Sexes In A Group Of Insects, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The advantage gained by one sex, with any evolutionary exaggeration of arms, is expected to be matched by analogous counteradaptations in the other sex.(...). We have studied the effects of male and female armament (clasping and anti-clasping morphologies) on the outcome of antagonistic mating interactions in 15 species of water strider (...).Evolutionary change in the balance of armament between males and females, but not in the species-specific level of escalation, has resulted in evolutionary change in the outcome of sexually antagonistic interactions such as mating rate.

  3. Hotspots And The Conservation Of Evolutionary History, PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: Species diversity is unevenly distributed across the globe, with terrestrial diversity concentrated in a few restricted biodiversity hotspots. These areas are associated with high losses of primary vegetation and increased human population density, resulting in growing numbers of threatened species. We show that conservation of these hotspots is critical because they harbor even greater amounts of evolutionary history than expected by species numbers alone. We used supertrees for carnivores and primates to estimate that nearly 70% of the total amount of evolutionary history represented in these groups is found in 25 biodiversity hotspots.

    1. Marine Biodiversity Hotspots and Conservation Priorities for Tropical Reefs, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse of shallow water marine ecosystems but are being degraded worldwide by human activities and climate warming. (...) The 10 richest centers of endemism cover 15.8% of the world's coral reefs (0.012% of the oceans) but include between 44.8 and 54.2% of the restricted-range species. Many occur in regions where reefs are being severely affected by people, potentially leading to numerous extinctions. Threatened centers of endemism are major biodiversity hotspots, and conservation efforts targeted toward them could help avert the loss of tropical reef biodiversity.


  4. Large Extinctions In An Evolutionary Model: The Role Of Innovation And Keystone Species, PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The causes of major and rapid transitions observed in biological macroevolution as well as in the evolution of social systems are a subject of much debate. (...) Crashes are events that involve the rapid extinction of many species, and recoveries the assimilation of new ones. (...) We find that in the absence of large external perturbation, "innovation" is a major cause of large extinctions and the prime cause of recoveries. Another major cause of crashes is the extinction of a "keystone species."

  5. Capital Accumulation in Open-Access Fishery: A Qualitative Dynamic Approach, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: Capital accumulation has been one major issue in fishery economics over the last two decades, whereby the interaction of the fish and capital stocks were of particular interest. Because bio-economic systems are intrinsically complex, previous efforts in this field have relied on a variety of simplifying assumptions. The model presented in this paper has been substantially extended and avoids some of these simplifications. Problems of tractability are surmounted by using the methodology of qualitative differential equations (QDE) applied in dynamic bio-economic modeling for the first time. The theory of QDEs also takes into account that scientific knowledge about particular fisheries is usually limited. The model is able to trace the evolution of capital and fish stock in good agreement with observed patterns, and shows that overcapitalization is unavoidable in unregulated fisheries.

  6. Computers, Paradoxes and the Foundations of Mathematics, American Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Contributing Editor's Note: In this article, several chapters of the history of mathemathics of the XXth century are related by one of its main characters. The works of Russell, Hilbert, Gödel, Turing, von Neumann, and Chaitin are narrated, noting their impacts on mathematics and the development of computers.

    Excerpt: Everyone knows that the computer is a very practical thing. In fact, computers have become indispensable to running a modern society. But what even computer experts don t remember is that - I exaggerate only slightly - the computer was invented in order to help to clarify a philosophical question about the foundations of mathematics. Surprising? Yes indeed.


    1. A Mechanism for Randomness, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: We investigate explicit functions that can produce truly random numbers. We use the analytical properties of the explicit functions to show that certain class of autonomous dynamical systems can generate random dynamics. This dynamics presents fundamental differences with the known chaotic systems. We present realphysical systems that can produce this kind of random time-series. We report theresults of real experiments with nonlinear circuits containing direct evidence for this new phenomenon. In particular, we show that a Josephson junction coupled to a chaotic circuit can generate unpredictable dynamics. Some applications are discussed.

      Contributing Editor's Note: It would be interesting to compare the claims of the authors with Chaitin's result noting the unability to prove if a given number is random.


  7. An Introduction To The Main Principles Of Emulation: Motor Control, Imagery, And Perception, CogPrints Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: A framework for understanding representational capacities of nervous systems is developed and explored. The framework is based upon constructs from control theory and signal processing, most prominently forward models (aka emulators) and Kalman filters. The basic idea is that the brain constructs models or emulators for entities with which it interacts, such as the body and environment. During normal sensorimotor behavior these models are run in parallel with the modeled system in order to enhance, supplement and process information from the sensors. These models can also be taken off-line in order to produce imagery, select among possible actions, and solve problems. After introducing the central concepts, the framework is developed in the contexts of motor control, imagery, and perception. Other potential applications, including cognition and language, are briefly explored.

    1. Perspectives And Problems In Motor Learning, Trends in Cognitive Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: Movement provides the only means we have to interact with both the world and other people. Such interactions can be hard-wired or learned through experience with the environment. Learning allows us to adapt to a changing physical environment as well as to novel conventions developed by society. Here we review motor learning from a computational perspective, exploring the need for motor learning, what is learned and how it is represented, and the mechanisms for learning. We relate these computational issues to empirical studies on motor learning in humans.

  8. The Neural Basis Of Intermittent Motor Control In Humans, PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: The basic question of whether the human brain controls continuous movements intermittently is still under debate. Here we show that 6- to 9-Hz pulsatile velocity changes of slow finger movements are directly correlated to oscillatory activity in the motor cortex, which is sustained by cerebellar drive through thalamus and premotor cortex. Our findings suggest that coupling of 6- to 9-Hz oscillatory activity in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical loop represents the neural mechanism for the intermittent control of continuous movements.

  9. Midbrain Control of Three-Dimensional Head Orientation, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: Little is known about the neural mechanisms controlling head posture and why they fail in clinical syndromes like torticollis. It is well established, however, that the brain controls eye position by integrating eye velocity commands. By electrically stimulating and reversibly inactivating midbrain sites in the head-free (nonimmobilized) monkey, we found that the interstitial nucleus of Cajal functions as a neural integrator for head posture. We suggest that a bilateral imbalance in this structure, through either direct damage or inappropriate input, could be one of the mechanisms underlying torticollis.

  10. Light On Embryo's Asymmetric Brain, Int. Soc. Dev. Neuroscience Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Contributing Editor's Note: The asymmetry in the brain's structure and in behavior is an established fact. It can no longer be regarded as a uniquely human phenomenon, according to the researcher of the following article, where the author comments that it is widespread among vertebrates and follows a strikingly similar basic pattern. Experimenting with chick embryo, it was found that before the chick hatches, the embryo lies in the egg with its left eye occluded by its opaque body and its right eye exposed to light passing through the shell. The following article has such important observations.

    Excerpts: The uneven stimulation of the eyes leads to asymmetric development of projections in one of the chick brain's two visual pathways (...) and to asymmetries in behavior after hatching.

    There is now good evidence that people forced to rely more heavily on the right side of the brain (controlling the left side of the body).(...) neural development is influenced by a complex interaction of genes, hormones and experience. It is therefore possible to interfere with development by, say, incubating eggs in the dark, or by injecting a drug into the brain (...).


  11. Blind As A Human, Int. Soc. Dev. Neuroscience Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Contributing Editor's Note: Ultraviolet (UV) patterns are invisible to the human eye. But it can play a key role in modulating the behavior of colored coral reef fish having colorful patterns containing elements in the UV range of wavelengths. This may point to an entire channel of fish communication according to researchers of the following article. Is there any behavioral significance due to these elements? Following is the report of an experiment conducted to address this question..

    Excerpts: (...) videotaped the aggressive territorial behavior of yellow damselfish in a controlled environment. A male was placed in an aquarium with a central shelter and two jars either side that each contained a male "intruder" of the same species.

    Both intruders were visible to the test fish, but one jar filtered UV light while the other was UV transparent. The two intruders were matched for brightness. The resulting tapes show that the test male spent twice as long lunging, and lunged twice as often, at its UV-transparent rival than at the intruder whose UV was screened out.

    • Blind As A Human, U. Siebeck, J. Marshall, Int. Soc. Dev. Neuroscience, 14th biennial meeting, Reported in BioMedNet by L. Spinney, February 2002
    • Contributed by Atin Das

  12. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Face Recognition In Human Infants, J. Cog. Neuroscience Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: Newborn infants respond preferentially to simple face-like patterns, raising the possibility that the face-specific regions identified in the adult cortex are functioning from birth. We sought to evaluate this hypothesis by characterizing the specificity of infants' electrocortical responses to faces in two ways: (1) comparing responses to faces of humans with those to faces of nonhuman primates; and 2) comparing responses event-related potential (ERP) component showed specificity to upright human faces that was not observable at any point in the ERPs of infants. These findings suggest a process of gradual specialization of cortical face processing systems during postnatal development.

  13. The Emerging Conceptual Framework Of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts:  Over the last twenty years, there has been rapid growth of a new approach to understanding the evolution of organismic form. This evolutionary developmental biology, or 'evo-devo', is focused on the developmental genetic machinery that lies behind embryological phenotypes, which were all that could be studied in the past. Are there any general concepts emerging from this new approach, and if so, how do they impact on the conceptual structure of traditional evolutionary biology? (...)

    Evolutionary developmental biology has its origins in the comparative embryology of the nineteenth century, (...)


  14. The Stem Cell-Cloning Plot Thickens, The Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Not created by the union of a man and woman, Vrana says that the embryos, which he prefers to call "parthenodes," are self-limiting. "They konk out at the blastocyst stage. They fail to implant correctly so they don't become a fetus and go to term." And, while the egg cell contains the same genetic material as its donor, further experiments will hopefully determine the effects of crossing over and gene imprinting events that might occur during gametogenesis.

    1. Please Don't Call It Cloning!, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: It is in the interest of the scientific community to clearly articulate the differences between stem cell research and human cloning. (...)

      One place to start is to find a more appropriate term for the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer to create stem cells. We propose the term "nuclear transplantation," which captures the concept of the cell nucleus and its genetic material being moved from one cell to another, as well as the nuance of "transplantation," an objective of regenerative medicine.


  15. Building Brand New Kidneys, The Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The ACT team produced embryos using a standard cloning technique, replacing the DNA of a cow's egg with that taken from the skin cell of another cow's ear. (...) they placed the immature cells on a five-centimeter-long support structure that resembled a sponge. The cells grew on the structure and took on the function of a kidney. Lanza said his team implanted several of these under the skin of the cow that donated the original skin cell. There they produced urine that was collected in bags.

  16. Rational Imitation In Preverbal Infants, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Here we show that if an adult demonstrates a new way to execute a task to a group of infants aged 14 months, the children will use this action to achieve the same goal only if they consider it to be the most rational alternative. Our results indicate that imitation of goal-directed action by preverbal infants is a selective, interpretative process, rather than a simple re-enactment of the means used by a demonstrator, as was previously thought.

  17. Diagnosing Cancer With Artificial Neural Networks, The Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Artificial neural networks can efficiently distinguish human subtypes of neoplastic colorectal lesions.

    Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a novel means for analyzing information, and are composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements, which can learn through example. (...) ANNs can be used to distinguish different subtypes of neoplastic colorectal lesions in human samples

    Excerpts: There is a subtle distinction between sporadic colorectal adenomas and cancers (SAC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated dysplasias and cancers. However, this distinction is clinically important because sporadic adenomas are usually managed by polypectomy alone, whereas IBD-related high-grade dysplasias mandate subtotal colectomy. The current study evaluated the ability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) (...) to discriminate between these 2 types of colorectal lesions.(...)

    Our results suggest that ANNs have the potential to discriminate among subtly different clinical entities, such as IBDNs and SACs, as well as to identify gene subsets having the power to make these diagnostic distinctions.


  18. Citation Analysis: The Counting House, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Practitioners of citation analysis rely on data gathered by the ISI, a company in Philadelphia formerly known as the Institute for Scientific Information.

    (...) often use the ISI's citation data to help them perform such evaluations. Important papers, the argument goes, will be cited more frequently. As a general rule, that is a reasonable assumption. But apply it blindly, without regard to the quality and limitations of the raw data, and the conclusions you draw may be far from reasonable.

    Excerpts: Plans to extend free access to scientific and academic research papers have received a boost with the announcement of a $3m grant from financier and philanthropist George Soros' Open Society Institute. (...)

    It calls for "free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose".

     


  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Pentagon Readies Efforts to Sway Sentiment Abroad, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: The Pentagon is developing plans to provide news items, possibly even false ones, to foreign media organizations as part of a new effort to influence public sentiment and policy makers in both friendly and unfriendly countries, military officials said.

      The plans, which have not received final approval from the Bush administration, have stirred opposition among some Pentagon officials who say they might undermine the credibility of information that is openly distributed by the Defense Department's public affairs officers.

       

      Editor's Note: Disinformation has been a traditional element of warfare with often unexpected outcomes as a result of the interactions of hostile audiences (those who always claim that the released information is false) and the friendly audiences (those who want to believe that the released information is true). Simulations to estimate the effect of any piece of released (dis)information onto a multi-cultural audience certainly have a high degree of complexity.


    2. Military Attack By Remote Control, Reader's Comment: Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Editor,

      In item 19 [of Complexity Digest 2002.07, Ed.], you say "Editor's Note: To our knowledge this is one of the first examples of a military attack that was executed exclusively by remote control."

      But many attacks with land and naval mines have been detonated by remote control, in the Civil War or before.

       

      Editor's Response: In the these examples as well as in video guided bombs, there are significant elements of the attack that involve traditional operations especially in target identification and only the terminal guidance of the weapons were done by remote control. The Predator, however, allows search and identification of targets remotely without on-site human support. A logical next step would be weapons that autonomously search, classify, and destroy targets. The risk of hitting false target thereby increasingly depends on the reliability of the technology with decreasing possibilities for human intervention.

  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Other Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Cheating Hunger For Longer Life Investigator, D. Ingram, Int. Soc. Dev. Neuroscience, 14th biennial meeting, Reported in BioMedNet by L. Spinney, February 2002
      2. Brain Histamine And Feeding Behavior, T. Morimoto, Y. Yamamoto & A. Yamatodani, Behavioural Brain Research 124.pp. 145-150 (2001)
      3. Histamine Function In Brain Disorders, L. Fernandez-Novoa & Ramo n Cacabelos, Behavioural Brain Research 124, pp. 213-233(2001)
      4. Visual Categorization And Object Represeatation In Monkeys And Humans, N. Sigala, F. Gabbiani & N. K. Logothetis, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp.187 - 198, February 2002
      5. Nonmonotonic Logics and Semantics, Daniel Lehmann, arXiv Paper ID: cs.AI/0202018. 02/02/15
      6. Information Transfer And Nontrivial Collective Behavior In Chaotic Coupled Map Networks, L. Cisneros, J. Jimenez, M. G. Cosenza, A. Parravano, arXiv Paper ID: nlin.CD/0202010. 5-Feb-2002
      7. The Complexity of Gene Silencing, Jim Kling, The Scientist, 16[4]:31, 02/02/18
      8. Influence Of Anthropogenic Aerosol On Cloud Optical Depth And Albedo Shown By Satellite Measurements And Chemical Transport Modeling, Stephen E. Schwartz, Harshvardhan, Carmen M. Benkovitz, PNAS 2002;99 1784-1789
      9. HOX Genes In The Sepiolid Squid Euprymna Scolopes: Implications For The Evolution Of Complex Body Plans, Patrick Callaerts, Patricia N. Lee, Britta Hartmann, Claudia Farfan, Darrett W. Y. Choy, Kazuho Ikeo, Karl-Friedrich Fischbach, Walter J. Gehring, H. Gert de Couet, PNAS 2002;99 2088-2093
      10. Loss of circadian clock function decreases reproductive fitness in males of Drosophilamelanogaster, L. M. Beaver, B. O. Gvakharia, T. S. Vollintine, D. M. Hege, R. Stanewsky, J. M. Giebultowicz, PNAS 2002;99 2134-2139
      11. Synergistic Effects Of L- And P-Selectin In Facilitating Tumor Metastasis Can Involve Non-Mucin Ligands And Implicate Leukocytes As Enhancers Of Metastasis Lubor Borsig, Richard Wong, Richard O. Hynes, Nissi M. Varki, Ajit Varki, PNAS 2002;99 2193-2198
      12. A Microphysical Connection Among Biomass Burning, Cumulus Clouds, and Stratospheric Moisture, Steven Sherwood, Science 2002 295: 1272
      13. GPS Tracking of Foraging Albatrosses, Henri Weimerskirch, Francesco Bonadonna, Frederic Bailleul,Geraldine Mabille, Giacomo Dell'Omo, and Hans-Peter Lipp, Science 2002 295: 1259
      14. Earliest Animal Tracks or Just Mud Cracks?, Science 2002 295: 1209
      15. Study of Brain Dead Sparks Debate, Science 2002 295: 1210
      16. Time Control, Tudor Toma, The Scientist, 02/02/13, The rhythmic expression of clock genes in the pituitary depends on heterologous sensitization by melatonin.
      17. Viruses On The Brain, Jonathan B Weitzman, The Scientist, 02/02/15, Viral delivery of Cre recombinase can result in genetic engineering in the nervous system of adult mice.
      18. Age-Associated Mitochondrial Oxidative Decay: Improvement Of Carnitine, Acetyltransferase Substrate-Binding Affinity And Activity In Brain By Feeding Old Rats Acetyl-L- carnitine And/Or R-alpha -Lipoic Acid, Jiankang Liu, David W. Killilea, Bruce N. Ames, PNAS 2002;99 1876-1881
      19. Biological Water At The Protein Surface: Dynamical Solvation Probed Directly With Femtosecond Resolution, Samir Kumar Pal, Jorge Peon, Ahmed H. Zewail, PNAS 2002;99 1763-1768
      20. Intracellular Distribution Of Viral Gene Products Regulates A Complex Mechanism Of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Acquisition By Its Aphid Vector, Martin Drucker, Remy Froissart, Eugenie Hebrard, Marilyne Uzest, Marc Ravallec, Pascal Esperandieu, Jean-Claude Mani, Martine Pugniere, Francoise Roquet, Alberto Fereres, Stephane Blanc, PNAS 2002;99 2422-2427
      21. Specificity And Robustness In Transcription Control Networks, Anirvan M. Sengupta, Marko Djordjevic, d Boris I. Shraiman, PNAS 2002;99 2072-2077

           


    2. Conference Announcements Bookmark and Share

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      1. Technology, Entertainment and Design (TED 12), Monterey, CA, 02/02/20-23
      2. Physik Sozio-Oekonomischer Systeme, Regensburg, Germany, 02/03/11-15
      3. Capturing Business Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation, Argonne National Laboratory, Il. 02/03/04-08
      4. SwarmFest 2002: Sixth Annual Swarm Users Meeting, Seattle, 02/03/29-31
      5. AIS'2002: Towards Component-Based Modeling and Simulation, Lisbon, Portugal, 02/04/07-10
      6. Manufacturing Complexity Network Conference, Cambridge, UK, 02/04/09-10
      7. Modeling & Simulation of Microsystems (MSM 2002) & Intl. Conf on Comp Nano Science (ICCN 2002), San Juan, Puerto Rico, 02/04/22-25
      8. World Conference NL 2002 - Networked Learning in a Global Environment: Challenges and Solutions for Virtual Education, Berlin, Germany, 02/05/01-04
      9. Mass Customisation: Strategies and Enabling Technology, U. Warwick, UK, 02/05/14-15
      10. International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS2002), Nashua, NH, 02/06/9-14
      11. Sitges Conference "Statistical Mechanics of Complex Networks", Sitges, Spain, 02/06/10-14
      12. Complex Systems: Control and Modeling Problems, Samara, Russia, 02/06/17
      13. International Conference SocioPhysics, ZIF - Bielefeld, Germany, 02/06/06-09
      14. 2nd International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL'02), MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA, 02/06/12-15
      15. Let's Face Chaos Through Nonlinear Dynamics, Summer School/Conference, Maribor, Slovenia, 02/06/30 - 07/14
      16. 7th International Conference on Music Perception & Cognition - ICMPC7, Sydney, 02/07/17-21
      17. Self-Organisation and Evolution of Social Behaviour, Monte Veritŕ, Switzerland, 02/09/08-13
      18. Complex Systems (CS02) Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 02/09/10-12
      19. 3rd Intl NAISO Symposium on Engineering Of Intelligent Systems (EIS 20020), Malaga, Spain, 02/09/24-27
      20. ACRI 2002, 5th Intl Conf on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry, Geneva, Switzerland, 02/10/09-11 
      21. Artificial Life VIII, UNSW, Sydney, Australia, 02/12/09-13

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