Complexity Digest 2001.39

24-Sep-2001

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Content

  1. Reconstructing Bologna. The City as an Emergent Computational System, arXiv
  2. Relevant Knowledge First - Reinforcement Learning and Forgetting, arXiv
  3. Profile: Schneider National, In It For The Long Haul, Darwin Mag
  4. Travelers Warm Up To Videoconferencing, NYTimes
    1. Forget Travel--Try Videoconferencing For The Masses!, ZDNet
  5. Scientific Publishing: Peer Review And Quality: A Dubious Connection?, Science
  6. The Rhythm Of Microbial Adaptation, Nature
  7. Physiology: All Fired Up: A Universal Metabolic Rate, Science
    1. Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate, Science
  8. Rapid Diversification of a Species-Rich Genus of Neotropical Rain Forest Trees, Science
  9. Conservation Biology: Bold Corridor Project Confronts Political Reality, Science
    1. Building a Case for Biological Corridors, Science
    2. Impact of Landscape Management on Genetic Structure of Squirrel Populations, Science
  10. Future Atlantic Hurricane Picture Is Highly Complex, North Carolina State U/ Science Daily
  11. Quantum Theory Could Expand the Limits of Computer Chips, NYTimes
    1. Better Microchips From Atom-Sized Holes, InfoSpace/UPI,
  12. Friction And Fracture, Nature
  13. Modeling--A Tool for Experimentalists, Science
  14. Nonlinear Myofilament Regulatory Processes Affect Muscle Fiber Stiffness, Biophys. J
  15. Can Sex Hormones Protect Against Or Treat Alzheimer's?, MedScape
  16. Spatial Range Of Autocrine Signaling: Modeling And Computational Analysis, Biophys. J
  17. Viewpoint Traveling Electrical Waves In Cortex, Neuron
  18. Neural Events And Perceptual Awareness, Cognition
    1. The Rediscovery Of The Human Mind, Korean Psych. Asso. Proc
    2. Transcranial Stimulation, HMS Beagle
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Santa Fe Institute Working Papers
    2. Other Articles
    3. Software Announcements
    4. Conference Announcements

  1. Reconstructing Bologna. The City as an Emergent Computational System, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: The conceptual background for a detailed study of the urban form of the city of Bologna is discussed with a view to modern methodological insight as it is being presented by recent results of complexity theory and the theory of self-organized criticality. The basic idea is to visualize the city of Bologna as an example of a massively parallely organized and interacting complex computational system in the sense of these recent theories. It is proposed to relate aspects of urban evolution to a universal concept of evolution which is governing all processes in nature. The universality of this approach is thought of as being an epistemological advantage as compared to more classical studies utilizing primarily local and specific methods for their modelling procedures. To actually establish whether this is in fact an advantage or not will be one of the main results of this present series of papers. In this very first part of the study, the basic idea is explicated in some detail, and the fundamental concepts are introduced in order to clarify the terminology utilized in the following. Two more parts of this study will follow in due time.

  2. Relevant Knowledge First - Reinforcement Learning and Forgetting, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: In order to solve complex configuration tasks in technical domains, various knowledge based methods have been developed. However their applicability is often unsuccessful due to their low efficiency. One of the reasons for this is that (parts of the) problems have to be solved again and again, instead of being "learnt" from preceding processes. However, learning processes bring with them the problem of conservatism, for in technical domains innovation is a deciding factor in competition. On the other hand a certain amount of conservatism is often desired since uncontrolled innovation as a rule is also detrimental. This paper proposes the heuristic RKF (Relevant Knowledge First) for making decisions in configuration processes based on the so-called relevance of objects in a knowledge base. The underlying relevance-function has two components, one based on reinforcement learning and the other based on forgetting (fading). Relevance of an object increases with its successful use and decreases with age when it is not used. RKF has been developed to speed up the configuration process and to improve the quality of the solutions relative to the reward value that is given by users.

  3. Profile: Schneider National, In It For The Long Haul, Darwin Mag Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Schneider (.. ) grown to become North America's largest truckload carrier (.. ).

    The company has developed optimization software known as the Global Scheduling System (GSS). This tool gives customer associates the ability to optimize all of the company's drivers and loads across North America. It processes 7,000 load assignments a day and optimizes at a rate of more than 7,000 driver-load combinations per second. For a trucking company, where every empty trailer or misdirected driver means a hit on the bottom line, that kind of decision-making tool is critical.


  4. Travelers Warm Up To Videoconferencing, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Like hundreds of other business travelers grounded by caution and canceled flights, none of them actually appeared in person at their appointed rounds last week.

    Instead, they sent avatars through the ether, as would characters from "Star Trek," or a country recovering from a terrorist attack and experimenting with alternative ways to do business.

    Many companies turned to videoconferencing, teleconferencing and Internet-based collaboration tools right after the Sept. 11 terror attacks. That short-term surge in interest, analysts said, was probably behind the jump in the share prices last week of several providers of such technology, including Polycom (news/quote), Picturetel and Webex.


    1. Forget Travel--Try Videoconferencing For The Masses!, ZDNet Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: So if I have to fly, I will--statistically air travel is quite safe--but if I can avoid it, I will do that, too. (.. )

      I understand that for $100,000, you can get a system that links two conference rooms and everyone in them, which can pay for itself fairly quickly.

      But for 1/1000th the price, you can add video to your PC and conference to your heart's content. And, yes, you can bring a few people into your office and they can join the fun, too.


  5. Scientific Publishing: Peer Review And Quality: A Dubious Connection?, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Summary: Despite its flaws, letting scientists anonymously judge each other's work is widely considered the "least bad way" to weed out weak manuscripts or research proposals and improve promising ones. But that common wisdom was questioned last weekend at a meeting attended by hundreds of editors of medical journals and academics. In a meta-analysis that surprised many--and that some doubt--researchers found little evidence that peer review actually improves the quality of research papers.

  6. The Rhythm Of Microbial Adaptation, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The evolutionary biologist "studies the steps by which the miraculous adaptations so characteristic of every aspect of the organic world have evolved". (.. ). Here I present a mathematical derivation to show that, on the contrary, adaptive steps can have fairly strong rhythm. I find that the strength of the adaptive rhythm, that is its relative temporal regularity, is equal to a constant that is the same for all microbial populations. As a consequence, numbers of accumulated adaptations are predicted to have a universal variance/mean ratio.


  7. Physiology: All Fired Up: A Universal Metabolic Rate, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: What do an onion, a banana, a paramecium, and a person have in common? According to a study on page 2248, they--and all living organisms--share roughly the same resting metabolic rate when body size and temperature are taken into account. The finding suggests that widely diverse species burn energy in predictable patterns. "The [corrected] basal metabolic rate of an apple or tree is remarkably similar to that of bacteria, which is remarkably similar to a fish or person," (.. )

    1. Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: We derive a general model, (.. ), that characterizes the effects of temperature and body mass on metabolic rate. The model fits metabolic rates of microbes, ectotherms, endotherms (including those in hibernation), and plants in temperatures ranging from 0° to 40.° C Mass- and temperature-compensated resting metabolic rates of all organisms are similar: The lowest (for unicellular organisms and plants) is separated from the highest (for endothermic vertebrates) by a factor of about 20. Temperature and body size are primary determinants of biological time and ecological roles.


  8. Rapid Diversification of a Species-Rich Genus of Neotropical Rain Forest Trees, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Summary (Excerpt): Early models suggested that the high species richness of the tropics was the result of a gradual accumulation of species in a stable climate. Evidence that tropical climates have not remained stable, especially during the last 2 million years of the Pleistocene, led to the idea that tropical diversity might have originated recently and that speciation has been driven by environmental instability. (.. ) Nuclear and plastid DNA sequences and a molecular clock approach suggest recent, rapid diversification in Inga that resemble recent radiations of plant species on oceanic islands.

  9. Conservation Biology: Bold Corridor Project Confronts Political Reality, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Summary: To preserve biodiversity, seven Central American countries and Mexico have launched an ambitious effort to link protected areas with strips of wildlife-friendly land. Critics worry, however, that the conservation goals are being diluted, noting that politicians have turned the original scientific concept into a catch-all for rural development projects, which they feel now overshadow conservation. But even skeptics say the corridor will serve as a test case for saving biodiversity in other places where walling off more forest isn't an option.

    1. Building a Case for Biological Corridors, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Summary: Although many of the problems in implementing the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor are social and political (see main text), a fundamental scientific question remains: Do corridors actually work? Researchers are now looking for evidence that corridors promote desired genetic exchange between populations. One such study is reported this week in Science (p. 2246 ), showing that changing the landscape can have a large effect on populations.


    2. Impact of Landscape Management on Genetic Structure of Squirrel Populations, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Landscape management practices that alter the degree of habitat fragmentation can significantly affect the genetic structure of animal populations. British red squirrels use "stepping stone" patches of habitat to move considerable distances through a fragmented habitat. (.. ) planting of a large conifer forest has connected groups of forest fragments in the north of England with those in southern Scotland. This "defragmentation" of the landscape has resulted in substantial genetic mixing (.. ) in squirrel populations up to 100 kilometers from the site of the new forest.


  10. Future Atlantic Hurricane Picture Is Highly Complex, North Carolina State U/ Science Daily Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Xie and Pietrafesa believe that their mathematical analysis technique, called Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), more accurately describes the temporal patterns of tropical storm occurrences along the East Coast than the procedure used by Goldenberg and his colleagues.

    EMD mathematically analyzes the differences in the number of tropical storms occurring over different time scales, resulting in a series of wave-like graphs describing cycles in the number of landfalling tropical cyclones. Using EMD, Xie and Pietrafesa found four different cycles, or modes.

    The number of tropical storms that make landfall in a given year depends on whether each of the four cycles is at its peak, its low point, or somewhere in between. The highest number of hurricanes is likely to occur in years during which most or all of the cycles are "in phase" at their peaks.


  11. Quantum Theory Could Expand the Limits of Computer Chips, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The shorter the wavelength of this light, the finer the paths that can be created and the shorter the time electrons need to travel through a circuit.(.. )

    "You take one blue photon, annihilate it in the crystal, and it generates two [entangled, Ed.] near-infrared photons."(.. )

    The researchers showed that the distance between the bright and dark fringes of light was half what would occur with ordinary light. Thus the entangled pairs promise twice the resolving power of ordinary photons.


    1. Better Microchips From Atom-Sized Holes, InfoSpace/UPI, Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Previously, researchers believed this etching process was a procedure akin to sandblasting a wall or chiseling a stone-the assumption was the silicon stayed still as it was etched(.. )

      "We've shown that there's only one mechanism," Boland told UPI. "Holes keep on popping up and rearrange themselves into the most energy-efficient patterns. When the temperatures are too low, the holes can't rearrange themselves into the patterns you'd want on a chip, but when you raise the temperatures, the holes find it easier to move around."


  12. Friction And Fracture, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: . Here we present an alternative picture of the static friction coefficient, which starts with an atomic description of surfaces in contact and then employs a multiscale analysis technique to describe how sliding occurs for large objects. We demonstrate the existence of self-healing cracks that have been postulated to solve geophysical paradoxes about heat generated by earthquakes, and we show that, when such cracks are present at the atomic scale, they result in solids that slip in accord with Coulomb's law of friction.


  13. Modeling--A Tool for Experimentalists, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: What does a molecule look like and what can it do? Chemists have answered such questions with experiments and, increasingly, with theoretical methods. Molecular modeling is a theoretical method that comprises a broad range of computer methods which allow chemists to display molecules, predict their structures, make short movies of their motions, predict how they bind to each other and react with each other. As this method becomes more routine and more reliable, experimentalists are using it more frequently to guide and improve experiments (.. )


  14. Nonlinear Myofilament Regulatory Processes Affect Muscle Fiber Stiffness, Biophys. J Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract (excerpt): To investigate the role of nonlinear myofilament regulatory processes in sarcomeric mechanodynamics, a model of myofilament kinetic processes, (.. ), was built to predict sarcomeric stiffness dynamics. Linear decomposition of this highly nonlinear model resulted in the identification of distinct contributions by kinetics of recruitment and by kinetics of distortion to the complex stiffness of the sarcomere. Further, it was established that nonlinear kinetic processes, such as those associated with cooperative neighbor interactions or length-dependent crossbridge attachment, contributed unique features to the stiffness spectrum through their effect on recruitment.

  15. Can Sex Hormones Protect Against Or Treat Alzheimer's?, MedScape Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: During the last ten years, a significant number of studies have been conducted that explore the possibility of a connection between sex hormones and dementia.

    Since estrogen promotes neuronal sprouting (.. ) its use may prevent or adequately treat Alzheimer's. In addition to having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, estrogen has been found to lower apolipoprotein E levels. Also, human studies have shown that estrogen appears to increase cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in a several areas of the brain, all of which serves to stave off Alzheimer's disease.


  16. Spatial Range Of Autocrine Signaling: Modeling And Computational Analysis, Biophys. J Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract (excerpt): Autocrine loops formed by growth factors and their receptors have been identified in a large number of developmental, physiological, and pathological contexts. (.. ) Here, we combine Brownian motion theory, Monte Carlo simulations, and reaction-diffusion models to analyze the spatial operation of autocrine loops.(.. ) Applying our models to study autocrine loops in the epidermal growth factor receptor system, we find that autocrine loops can be highly localized.

  17. Viewpoint Traveling Electrical Waves In Cortex, Neuron Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: The theory of coupled phase oscillators provides a framework to understand the emergent properties of networks of neuronal oscillators. (...) the pattern of electrical output is (…) traveling plane and rotating waves. The waves are typically present during periods outside of stimulation (…).

    Excerpt: (...) oscillating membrane potentials provide a means to heighten the sensitivity of neurons to changes in their inputs. The scale of voltage changes (…) about 10 mV. coherent activity among a large number of neurons could aid in the strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections.


  18. Neural Events And Perceptual Awareness, Cognition Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: This article first describes a variety of neural correlates of perceptual awareness (…). Indeed, preliminary evidence suggests that although many of the neural correlates already reported may be necessary for the corresponding state of awareness, it is unlikely that they are sufficient for it.

    Excerpt: Neural correlates of the contents of perceptual awareness can be found in many different cortical areas,(...) the contents of awareness are not represented in a single unitary consciousness system. A conscious percept is a spatiotemporally structured representation in which visual attributes are associated with particular objects and events.


    1. The Rediscovery Of The Human Mind, Korean Psych. Asso. Proc Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: The minds of other people are not available to public scrutiny. Hence neither their conscious experiences nor their cognitive processes, conscious or unconscious, can be the subject matter of psychological science.
      > The word 'model' is used widely by psychologists, (…) different from its use in the natural sciences. In the natural sciences a model is a representation or analogue of its subject. The physical sciences have made such startling progress because (…) of the resemblance. The relevant structure and processes in the real world causing that behaviour is a sensible question to ask.


    2. Transcranial Stimulation, HMS Beagle Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Most research on the therapeutic potential of TMS [Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Ed.] has focused on depression. Early research found that stimulating the left prefrontal cortex of normal volunteers produced feelings of sadness, while stimulating the right side provoked joy. (.. )

      For example, low-frequency stimulation seems to induce inhibitory neurons to fire.(.. )

      "The theory is that one side controls one emotion and the other side controls the opposite emotion, but in reality it's probably far more complex," says Lisanby. "To answer the questions, we need more controlled studies."


  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Editor's Notes: Scientists were not an exception when it came to offering support and help in the aftermath of the 9/11 terror attack. At a MIT workshop experts discussed the traditional weapons of mass destruction -nuclear, chemical, biological- but didn't have much to say about civilian airplanes and box cutters:
    Summary: Researchers and antiterrorism experts held a hastily organized symposium here less than 36 hours after the suicide attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon to discuss U.S. R&D efforts to defend against weapons of mass destruction. Last week's attacks have already set off a quiet scramble at federal labs across the country to beef up efforts ranging from new biological and chemical detection techniques to profiling the behavioral patterns of terrorist cliques. But some scientists are worried that a rattled public will expect too much from them.

    Last week we called for ideas from the complexity community (ComDig01-38.20.2) as to what novel, complexity based insights could help to reduce the threat of terrorism. (We don't say "eliminate" because that would be as unrealistic as the attempt to "get rid of all the bugs").

    Among the submissions there seemed to be an agreement that terrorism cannot be fought effectively without treating it as a system that is tightly connected to other societal subsystems such as economy, politics, and religion:

    "I would like to say that there is a clear connection to a fallacy observed in the creation of large social organizations." (Dr. Jaime Lagunez Otero, Mexico)

    "Complexity thinking is not required if all we seek is revenge. However, Complexity thinking is required if anything positive is to finally evolve from the terrible events of that day. Indeed, it is potentially the greatest ever test for Complexity - to help develop a road map for - "A World without Terrorism"" (Ian Robson, UK)

    Ian Robson also emphasized that we have to learn from history for instance the emergence of the Nazi terror in Germany after WW-I vs the economic development in Germany and Japan after WW-II:

    " After World War II, but before anyone had even thought of Complexity as a way of thinking, the Western Allies used similar principles to try and lay the foundations for a world without world wars. They could have taken the simplistic view that Hitler started the war in Europe, and Germany must be made to pay for the atrocities. They could have equally decided that Japan should pay for its atrocities. That would have been analogous to the simplistic view taken after WW I." (Ian Robson, UK)

    Stuart G Hall points out that it would be helpful to have a good "model" of a terrorist in order to anticipate future strikes:

    "The serious point I guess is that you've got to model how a terrorist thinks and acts to catch a terrorist. And that model is ill-served by so called 'hard-science' but better served by complexity science for a number of good reasons." (Stuart G Hall, UK)

    "Interesting challenge - as it pits western science against guerilla/terrorist intuition - with the possibility of complexity science as a bridge between the two paradigms of thought + action." (Stuart Glendinning-Hall, UK)

    We will keep this column open for further thoughts on this topic and invite especially those with links to ongoing research.


  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Santa Fe Institute Working Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Estimating Coarse Gene Network Structure from Large-Scale Gene Perturbation Data , Andreas Wagner, SFI WP 01-09-051
      2. Reconstructing Pathways in Large Genetic Networks from Genetic Perturbations, Andreas Wagner, SFI WP 01-09-050
      3. Chaos in Learning a Simple Two Person Game , Yuzuru Sato, Eizo Akiyama, and J. Doyne Farmer, SFI WP 01-09-049
      4. Norm Compliance and Strong Reciprocity , Rajiv Sethi and E. Somanathan, SFI WP 01-09-048
      5. How to Reconstruct a Large Genetic Network from n Gene Perturbations in Fewer than n2 Easy Steps , Andreas Wagner, SFI WP 01-09-047
      6. Percolation and Epidemics in a Two-Dimensional Small World , M. E. J. Newman, I. Jensen, and R. M. Ziff, SFI WP 01-09-046
      7. Tiling Groups for Wang Tiles , Cristopher Moore, Ivan Rapaport, and Eric Rémila, SFI WP 01-08-045
      8. Minimum Cycle Bases of Product Graphs , Wilfried Imrich and Peter F. Stadler, SFI WP 01-08-044
      9. Non-Explanatory Equilibria: An Extremely Simple Game With (Mostly) Unattainable Fixed Points , Joshua M. Epstein and Ross A. Hammond, SFI WP 01-08-043
      10. A Long-Term Perspective on Resilience in Socio-Natural Systems , Sander E. van der Leeuw and Chr. Aschan-Leygonie, SFI WP 01-08-042
      11. A Model of Large-Scale Proteome Evolution , Ricard V. Solé, Romualdo Pastor-Satorras, Eric D. Smith, and Thomas Kepler, SFI WP 01-08-041
      12. Conserved RNA Secondary Structures in Picornaviridae Genomes , C. Witwer, S. Rauscher, I. L. Hofacker, and P. F. Stadler , SFI WP 01-08-040
      13. On the Impossibility of Predicting the Behavior of Rational Agents , Dean P. Foster and H. Peyton Young, SFI WP 01-08-039
      14. Dynamics of a Simple Evolutionary Process , Dietrich Stauffer and M. E. J. Newman, SFI WP 01-08-038

    2. Other Articles Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Maybe The Man On The Moon Knows How Hot Global Warming Will Get, Peter N. Spotts, The Christian Science Monitor, 8/30/01
      2. Second Look at Arsenic Finds Higher Risk, Kaiser, Jocelyn, Science 2001 293: 2189
      3. Detecting Determinism in High Dimensional Chaotic Systems , Guillermo Ortega, Cristian Degli Esposti Boschi, Enrique Louis, arXiv Paper ID: nlin.CD/0109017
      4. Revenge of the Bell Heads: How the Net Heads Lost Control of the Internet, Rob Frieden, arXiv Paper ID: cs.CY/0109035
      5. Describing Rates of Interaction between Multiple Autonomous Entities: An Example Using Combat Modelling, M. K. Lauren, arXiv Paper ID: nlin.AO/0109024
      6. Information Encoding in Homoclinic Chaotic Systems , I.P. Marino, et. al., arXiv Paper ID: nlin.CD/0109026
      7. Ray Dynamics in Ocean Acoustics , Michael G. Brown, et. al., arXiv Paper ID: nlin.CD/0109027


    3. Software Announcements Next Article Bookmark and Share

      • NetLogo Beta 7, Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling at Northwestern University


    4. Conference Announcements Bookmark and Share

      1. Adaptive Agents, Intelligence and Emergent Human Organization: Capturing Complexity Through Agent-Based Modeling, Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, Irving CA, 01/10/5-6
      2. International Symposium on Technology, Economic and Social Applications of Distributed Intelligence (TESADI'01) at the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC'01), Tucson, Arizona, USA, 01/10/7-10
      3. Workshop On Interdisciplinary Studies And Complexity, National University of Mexico, 01/10/22-26
      4. 1st Asia-Pacific Conf On Web Intelligence, Maebashi TERRSA, Maebashi City, Japan, 01/10/23-26
      5. The Impact of Complexity in Industry, Univ. Warwick, 01/10/29-30
      6. International Conference on Systems Thinking Globally Concerned, University of Vienna and Vienna University of Technology, 01/11/01-04
      7. Developing A Cyber-Democracy: "Government of the Future", Brookings Inst., Washington, DC. , 01/11/09-09
      8. Digitizing Decisions and Markets, Decision Sciences Institute Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 01/11/17-20
      9. II World Congress of Citizens Networks, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 01/12/05-07
      10. From Worker to Colony: Understanding the Organisation of Insect Societies, Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge, UK. , 01/12/7-8
      11. Complex Systems , Modeling Nonlinear Natural and Human Systems, Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences, HICSS-35, Hawaii, 02/01/7-10
      12. 1st Biennial Seminar on Philosophical, Methodological & Epistemological Implications of Complexity Theory, La Habana, Cuba, 02/01/07-11
      13. Topics in Nonlinear Dynamics, Collective Phenomena and Complexity: Dynamical Model Formulation, Analysis and Symmetry, Canberra, Australia, 02/01/21-02/01
      14. AIS'2002: Towards Component-Based Modeling and Simulation, Lisbon, Portugal, 02/04/07-10
      15. World Conference NL 2002 - Networked Learning in a Global Environment: Challenges and Solutions for Virtual Education, Berlin, Germany, 01/05/01-04
      16. 7th International Conference on Music Perception & Cognition - ICMPC7, Sydney, 02/07/17-21
      17. Self-Organisation and Evolution of Social Behaviour, Monte Verità, Switzerland, 02/09/08-13

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