Immune Control, Memory, And Vaccines, Science 
Excerpt: A sweeping offensive to prevent
infectious disease through vaccination remains a compelling goal
in the movement toward improved public health in industrialized
and developing societies. Expectations are high that vaccines will
also soon be deployed in less conventional ways: to destroy tumors
and prevent autoimmune diseases, for example. Yet the current
range of vaccine targets remains remarkably narrow. How, then,
will the scope and power of vaccination be improved?
The brisk pace of genome-related discoveries brings hope of
revolutionary change (...)
'Breeding' Antigens For New Vaccines, Science
Excerpt: Rather than carefully
manipulating genes to develop a product with specific
characteristics, a handful of biotechs are using a technique known
as directed molecular evolution to hunt for chance offspring that
have the desired features. This approach mimics natural selection,
but on a minuscule scale and with a focused purpose. One company
is now using this strategy to hunt for vaccines. Its work is still
in the early stages of test tube and animal testing, but if it
succeeds, it could add a novel tool to the vaccinemaker's
workbench.
The Art Of The Probable: System Control In The Adaptive Immune System, Science
Excerpt: The
immune system provides very effective host defense against
infectious agents. Although many details are known about the cells
and molecules involved, a broader "systems engineering" view of
this complex system is just beginning to emerge. Here the argument
is put forward that stochastic events, potent amplification
mechanisms, feedback controls, and heterogeneity arising from
spatially dispersed cell interactions give rise to many of the
gross properties of the immune system.
Tampering With The Immune System, Science
Excerpts: The immune system must
maintain a delicate balance between the positive signals that
activate lymphocytes and the negative signals that dampen
inappropriate immune responses. If this balance is upset, the
immune system either does not respond to pathogens or responds
inappropriately, resulting in autoimmune disease. Antigens,
cytokines, and death-inducing members of the tumor necrosis factor
(TNF) family (1,
2)
all contribute to homeostatic regulation of the immune system.
(…)the Tyro-3 family of receptor tyrosine kinases [has
been identified] as important players in immune
regulation.
Selection Pressure And Organizational Cognition: Implications For The Social Determinants Of Health, Cogprints
Abstract: We model the effects of Schumperterian
'selection pressures' -- in particular Apartheid and the
neoliberal 'market economy' -- on organizational cognition in
minority communities, given the special role of culture in human
biology. Our focus is on the dual-function social networks by
which culture is imposed and maintained on individuals and by
which immediate patterns of opportunity and threat are recognized
and given response. A mathematical model based on recent advances
in complexity theory displays a joint cross-scale linkage of
social, individual central nervous system, and immune cognition
with external selection pressure through mixed and synergistic
punctuated 'learning plateaus.' This provides a natural mechanism
for addressing the social determinants of health at the individual
level. The implications of the model, particularly the predictions
of synergistic punctuation, appear to be empirically testable.
Major Challenges For Bush's Climate Initiative, Science
Editor's Note: Climate modeling requires significant
computer resources (comparable with those of nuclear weapons and
protein-folding simulations) and today the US has lost the
leadership in that area to simulation centers in Europe using fast
vector super-computers built in Japan. Another handicap for US
climat simulation research is described by climate modeler Jeffrey
Kiehl of NCAR:
Excerpt: "But at each center, climate change modeling
must vie for available computer time with other research on
atmospheric science. "It's a matter of dedicating computer
hardware to climate modeling," says Kiehl. "We don't do that here.
There's also a cultural issue. The competition [among many
centers] is viewed as a healthy way to stimulate research. I
agree, but the climate modeling field has reached such a level of
complexity that we have to change the way we've been working."
Sizzling Sun Makes Cloudy Days, CNN
Excerpts: The
United States becomes cloudier during cyclical periods of
heightened solar activity, possibly because the increased
radiation heats the upper atmosphere and nudges the jet stream
northward enough to change regional weather, researchers said this
week.
Their study, which investigates a link between weather and the
composition of the stratosphere, could help scientists identify
large-scale mechanisms that influence climate. (…)
The work supports previous observations finding a connection
between more clouds and the peak of an 11-year cycle during which
the sun unleashes more potent bursts of energy.
Surprise Variation Found In Human Genes, New Scientist
Excerpts: The new study suggests that while
humans have only 30,000 genes, there are between 400,000 and
500,000 gene versions. Vovis said these differences might partly
explain why people respond so differently to the same medications.
(...)
They found no variation between gene versions that could define
any one of the ethnic groups, Volvis said. But they did find that
different versions of a gene are more common in a group of people
from one geographical region, compared with people from
another.
Huge Genetic Variation Found In Human Beings, abcNEWS
Excerpt: The researchers studied the genetic makeup
of 21 whites, 20 blacks, 20 people of Asian descent, 18 Latinos
and three American Indians. The groups proved to have a certain
degree of genetic idiosyncrasies, likely because their ancestors
had a common history in a geographical region over thousands of
years, whether in Africa, Asia, Europe or the Americas.
The two groups that shared the highest number of rare genetic
variants with one another were the blacks and Latinos. The Asians
shared comparatively little with the other groups.
Borna Disease Virus Linked With Severe Mood Disorders, Medscape
Excerpts: Borna disease virus targets limbic
structure neurons and is known to cause behavioral abnormalities
in animals (…).
In group of 28 patients with major depressive disorder or
depressive crisis in bipolar disorder and 28 patients with
moderate depressive symptoms, the infection rate approached 100%,
(…). Infection rates in a healthy control group of 65
subjects was only 32%. The investigators also noted that high
immune complex levels paralleled severe depression.
(…) conclude that "an etiopathogenic role of Borna disease
virus in mood disorders seems considerably strengthened
Odorants May Arouse Instinctive Behaviours, Nature
Excerpt: In contrast to the olfactory epithelium,
there is no direct pathway from this organ to the higher cortical
areas involved in odour perception and discrimination. Instead,
inputs are targeted to the amygdala and hypothalamus, areas that
control hormone levels, emotions, basic drives and instinctive
behaviours. Like pheromones, some odorants may stimulate innate
behavioural or physiological responses.
As in insects, certain odorants may act in mammals as
semiochemicals that influence behaviour. Volatile chemicals
emitted by plants can elicit oviposition or pollination in
insects, (...)
-
Abstract: This paper investigates a neural network
model with two attractor networks that represent the inferior
temporal cortex (IT), which stores representations of visual
stimuli, and the amygdala, the activity of which reflects the mood
state. The results are relevant to understand the interaction
between structures important in mood and emotion and other brain
areas involved in storing objects, faces and memories.
Babies Recognize Music From The Womb, abcNEWS
Excerpts: Each speaker played a piece of
music: One was the prenatal music and the other was a piece of
music chosen for its similarity in key, pace, and loudness.
(…)
Researchers recorded the length of time the babies spent
looking at each ball - implying they were listening to each piece
of music.
Each baby, none of whom could speak, showed a clear preference
for the music they had been exposed to while in the womb. A
control group of children showed no preference for either piece of
music.
-
Excerpt: Using
magnetoencephalography to measure brain activity in response to
musical stimuli, researchers have found that anatomical regions
that are important for verbal grammar might also be involved in
musical syntax. Conventional, in-key chords primarily activate the
auditory cortex, but incongruous chords activated Broca's speech
area in the left temporal lobe, as well as the corresponding
region on the right. Therefore, this brain area may process more
broad collections of syntactic information than previously
appreciated. Furthermore, as effects were observed in subjects
with no musical training, the authors from the Max Planck
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience in Leipzig suggest the brain
is innately able to apply harmonic principles in music.
Song From Neighbor Star Has Familiar Ring, CNN
Excerpts: Sound waves running
through the sun have revealed some of its innermost properties.
Now for the first time, astronomers have heard the faint song
inside another point of light. And the tune sounds quite familiar.
(…)
But the oscillations of Alpha Centauri A can be translated into
sounds waves. The most prominent note in the stellar symphony is
an E flat, 15 or 16 octaves below audible levels, said Carrier.
Shifted into the range of human hearing, the waves become what
sounds like a simple, eerie organ fugue.
A Hebbian Form Of Long-Term Potentiation, PNAS
Abstract: Hippocampal inhibitory interneurons
play important roles in controlling the excitability and
synchronization of pyramidal cells, but whether they express
long-term synaptic plasticity that contributes to hippocampal
network function remains uncertain. We found that pairing
postsynaptic depolarization with -burst stimulation induced
long-term potentiation (LTP) of putative single-fiber excitatory
postsynaptic currents in interneurons. Either postsynaptic
depolarization or -burst stimulation alone failed to induce LTP.
LTP was expressed as a decrease in failure rates and an increase
in excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude, independent of
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and dependent on metabotropic
glutamate receptors subtype 1a. LTP was induced specifically in
interneurons in stratum oriens and not in interneurons of stratum
radiatum/lacunosum-moleculare. Thus, excitatory synapses onto
specific subtypes of inhibitory interneurons express a new form of
hebbian LTP that will contribute to hippocampal network
plasticity.
Creativity And Problem Solving: Elements For A Model Of Creativity, CogPrints
Abstract: The human creativity has already been
theorized in practically all sciences. Some privilege the
cognitive aspects, emphasizing the architecture of the thought,
while others focus the empiric approach, describing the creativity
as a productive technique. This paper tries to reconcile these two
visions, offering glimpses of the creativity as technique and of
the involved mental processes. Finally, it proposes an
"architecture of the creativity" focused on an integration in
artificial intelligence systems for the learning of the
creativity.
Biological Model Generates Prime Numbers, Science
Summary: Cicadas spend 7, 13, or 17 years,
depending on the species, underground before emerging as adults
for the final weeks of their lives.
Recently, Goles et al. investigated the selective forces that
might have led to these prime-number life cycles. They produced
spatiotemporal simulations of predator-prey cycles using cellular
automata to yield periodicities of 13 and 17, indicating the
selective optima for cicadas escaping predators. In this
unexpected alliance of biology and number theory, the results
suggest that these models have properties that favor the
generation of prime numbers
Prime Number Selection Of Cycles In A Predator-Prey Model, Complexity
Abstract: The fact that some
species of cicadas appear every 7, 13, or 17 years and that these
periods are prime numbers has been regarded as a coincidence. We
found a simple evolutionary predator-prey model that yields
prime-periodic preys having cycles predominantly around the
observed values. An evolutionary game on a spatial array leads to
travelling waves reminiscent of those observed in excitable
systems. The model marks an encounter of two seemingly unrelated
disciplines: biology and number theory. A restriction to the
latter, provides an evolutionary generator of arbitrarily large
prime numbers.
Intentional Walks On Scale Free Small Worlds, arXiv
Excerpt: We present a novel algorithm that
generates scale free small world graphs such as those found in the
World Wide Web, social and metabolic networks. We use the
generated graphs to study the dynamics of a realistic search
strategy on the graphs, and find that they can be navigated in a
very short number of steps. ...
Another Emissary From The Dawn Of Humanity, Science
Excerpt: Fossils unearthed in Ethiopia and
reported in this week's issue of Nature offer a glimpse of the
time when humans and chimps were going their separate evolutionary
ways--and may represent the earliest known human ancestor. The
remains--a jawbone with teeth as well as arm, hand, and foot
bones--have been dated at between 5.2 million and 5.8 million
years old. From the shape of one nearly complete foot bone, the
discoverers conclude that their specimen walked upright, a
hallmark of all hominids.
Late Miocene Hominids From the Middle Awash, Ethiopia, Nature
Excerpt: Molecular studies suggest that the
lineages leading to humans and chimpanzees diverged approximately
6.5-5.5 million years (Myr) ago, in the Late Miocene. Hominid
fossils from this interval, however, are fragmentary and of
uncertain phylogenetic status, age, or both. Here I report new
hominid specimens from the Middle Awash area of Ethiopia that date
to 5.2-5.8 Myr and are associated with a wooded palaeoenvironment.
These Late Miocene fossils are assigned to the hominid genus
Ardipithecus and represent the earliest definitive evidence of the
hominid clade.
A Trick Shot In Quantum Billiards, Science
Summary: When a cloud of atoms is cooled and
held in an optical trap and then allowed to cool again, the
trajectories of the atoms will depend on the geometry of the
confining walls imposed by light beams. Most trajectories will be
chaotic, but some geometries exist in which the scattering
processes satisfy momentum-selection rules that give rise to
stable trajectories. Steck et al. (p.
274; see the Perspective by Habib), using a system in which
the atoms are confined in an optical standing wave and using a
velocity-selection technique, show that for special regions of
momentum space, termed "islands of stability," the atoms can
tunnel between one stable momentum state and its symmetric
opposite. Time-slice measurements show that the atoms oscillate
between the two stable momentum states.
No Mere Anarchy, Science
Excerpts: The study of quantum
nonlinear systems is surprisingly young. Although Poincaré
had understood key aspects of dynamical chaos at the turn of the
20th century, and Einstein had realized its consequences for early
quantum theory, quantum dynamics of nonlinear systems remained an
obscure topic until the recent explosion of interest in quantum
chaos. (…) A good example is chaos-assisted tunneling, the
first experimental observation of which is presented by Steck et
al. (8) on page 274
of this issue.
-
Excerpts:
For the first time, physicists have seen cold atoms suddenly
reverse their motion like a ball spontaneously changing direction
mid-flight and returning to the thrower's hand. (…)
Each "island" is a set of quantum states for particles at the
same point in space but with opposite momentums, like pendulums
swinging in different directions. Classical physics says that once
a particle is marooned on an island of stability, it can never
leave. But both teams saw particles flip from one island to
another.
Observation of Chaos-Assisted Tunneling Between Islands of Stability, Science
Abstract:
We report the direct observation of quantum dynamical
tunneling of atoms between separated momentum regions in phase
space. We study how the tunneling oscillations are affected as a
quantum symmetry is broken and as the initial atomic state is
changed. We also provide evidence that the tunneling rate is
greatly enhanced by the presence of chaos in the classical
dynamics. This tunneling phenomenon represents a dramatic
manifestation of underlying classical chaos in a quantum
system.
Entangling Atomic Collisions, Science/PRL
Excerpt: We usually think of collisions as
destructive processes, but in the quantum world, collisions can be
constructive and even desirable events. When quantum systems are
brought into close contact and allowed to interact under the right
conditions, the wave functions of the systems can become entangled
so that the once separate systems effectively become one. Such
entanglement could be used for logical operations in quantum
computers. However, the entanglement process is rather inefficient
for bare atom collisions, and methods are being explored that make
the process more efficient.
Abstract: Following a recent proposal by S. B.
Zheng and G. C. Guo [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2392 (2000)], we
report an experiment in which two Rydberg atoms crossing a
nonresonant cavity are entangled by coherent energy exchange. The
process, mediated by the virtual emission and absorption of a
microwave photon, is characterized by a collision mixing angle 4
orders of magnitude larger than for atoms colliding in free space
with the same impact parameter. The final entangled state is
controlled by adjusting the atom-cavity detuning. This procedure,
essentially insensitive to thermal fields and to photon decay,
opens promising perspectives for complex entanglement
manipulations.
- Coherent
Control of an Atomic Collision in a
Cavity, S. Osnaghi, P.
Bertet, A. Auffeves, P. Maioli, M. Brune, J. M.
Raimond, S. Haroche, Published 27 June 2001, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 87, 037902 (2001).
Dynamic Cerebrovascular Response Between Stepwise Up Tilt And Down Tilt In Humans, AJP: Heart
Abstract: We studied dynamic cerebrovascular
responses in eight healthy humans during repetitive stepwise
upward tilt (SUT) and stepwise downward tilt (SDT) maneuvers
between supine and 70¢X standing at intervals of 60 s. Mean
cerebral blood flow velocity (FVMCA) was measured at the middle
cerebral artery (MCA) with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
Mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) was measured via the radial
artery and adjusted at the level of the MCA (ABPMCA). Cerebral
critical closing pressure (PCC) was estimated from the
systolic-diastolic relationship between FVMCA and ABPMCA. ABPMCA
minus PCC was considered the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP).
The tilt maneuvers produced stepwise changes in both CPP and
FVMCA. The FVMCA response to SUT was well characterized by a
linear second-order model. However, that to SDT presented a
biphasic behavior that was described significantly better (P <
0.05) by the addition of a slowly responding component to the
second-order model. This difference may reflect both different
cardiovascular responses to SUT or SDT and different
cerebrovascular autoregulatory behaviors in response to decreases
or increases in CPP.
Complex AV Nodal Dynamics During Ventricular-Triggered Atrial Pacing In Humans, AJP: Heart
Abstract: In vitro experiments have shown that the
complexity of atrioventricular nodal (AVN) conduction dynamics
increases with heart rate. Although complex AVN dynamics (e.g.,
alternans) have been observed clinically, human AVN dynamics
during rapid pacing have not been systematically investigated. We
studied such dynamics during ventricular-triggered atrial pacing
in 37 patients with normal AVN function (18 patients with dual AVN
pathway physiology and 19 patients without). Alternans, which
always resulted from single pathway conduction, occurred in 18
patients. In 16 patients (3 of whom also had alternans),
quasisinusoidal AVN conduction oscillations occurred (mean
frequency 0.02 Hz); such oscillations have not been previously
reported. There were no significant differences in the dynamics
for patients with or without dual AVN pathways. To illuminate the
governing dynamic mechanism, a second atrial pacing trial was
performed on 12 patients after autonomic blockade. Blockade
facilitated alternans but inhibited oscillations. This study
suggests that rapid AVN excitation in vivo can lead to
autonomically mediated AVN conduction oscillations or single
pathway alternans that are a function of inherent nonlinear
dynamic AVN tissue properties.
Predictability Of Catastrophic Events, arXiv
Excerpt: We propose that catastrophic events are
"outliers" with statistically different properties than the rest
of the population and result from mechanisms involving amplifying
critical cascades. Applications and the potential for prediction
arediscussed in relation to the rupture of composite materials,
great earthquakes, turbulence and abrupt changes of weather
regimes, ...
Editor's Note: The relatively frequent occurence of (up to
30m) "rogue waves" have been described as a result of non-linear
phenomena in New Scientist, 01/06/30; unfortunately the article is
not available on-line.
Paediatric Head Injury, Brain
Contributing Editor's Note: The immature brain, at a time
when it is rapidly acquiring new information, responds differently
from the adult brain when subjected to an equivalent amount of
mechanical force. Head injury in infants younger than 2 years of
age is second only to road traffic accidents as a cause of death
in childhood. Measurable deficits occur even after mild to
moderate head injury. Head injury in infancy and childhood causes
impaired cognition, motor impairments, disruption of attention and
information processing, and psychiatric disturbances, even death.
Still there is relatively little information about the structural
basis of the clinical deficits.
Excerpt: The current belief is that head-injured infants are
likely to have undergone shaking followed by sudden inertial
injury from impact. "Why is it that there are continuing
uncertainties about the nature, the distribution and the
pathologies in accidental and non-accidental injury in infants and
children?" To answer this, the authors have undertaken a
meticulous clinicopathological correlation in 53 cases and data
were analyzed by median age at head injury, statistically
significant patterns of age-related damage emerged. The most
important finding was "the predominant neurohistological
abnormality in the cases of non-accidental injury in infants was
due to hypoxia and not diffuse axonal injury".
Danish Study Finds No Link Between Cell Phone Use And Cancer, J. Radiol. Prot.
Abstract: No relationship between cellular telephone
use and the incidence of cancer was found in a study of all Danish
users of cell phones. The study, which covered more than 400000
Danish users of cell phones from 1982 through 1995, compares the
numbers of cancers observed in the group with the expected numbers
of cancers calculated for cancer incidence rates in the entire
Danish population. No excesses of brain or nervous system cancers,
of cancer of the salivary gland, of leukaemia, or of cancer
generally, were observed in cell phone users.
-
Abstract: The Independent Expert Group on Mobile
Phones (IEGMP) recommended precautionary approach. One of this was
the adoption of International Commission for Non-Ionising
Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Another recommendation was that
children should be encouraged to use mobile phones for essential
purposes only, and to keep all calls short. Industry should
refrain from promoting the use of phones by children which is
under review. There is controversy again of using hands-free kits
which is believed to greatly reduce exposures to the brain has
been challenged by those who favour a different way of measuring
such exposures. Work continues in order to develop a standard for
such measurements.
Contributing Editor's Note: A typical cell phone operates
at a power output of 0.25 W, which is associated with a maximum
rise in brain temperature of only 0.1deg C. Some limited
laboratory tests point to a potential link between cell phone use
and cancer.
Editor's Comment: Non-thermal effects of microwave
radiation (such as what is emitted by cell phones) and biological
systems has been observed for more than 20 years. Whereas the
earlier discussions stressed that microwave photons have not
enough energy for ionization effects it might be interesting to
estimate the effects on dynamic processes like
protein-folding.
Chameleon Code Gives Hackers Advantage, New Scientist
Excerpts: The arms race between malicious hackers
and the guardians of computer networks looks set to intensify with
the development of "chameleon code". The new weapon could leave
networks defenceless as malicious hackers gain access undetected.
Hackers routinely break into networks using "scripts",
instructions they send to the network to allow them to issue
commands remotely. The hackers' new tool, known as polymorphic
code, camouflages scripts so they can evade detection.
(...)
K2's camouflaging software can take the same script and make
it look different every time it is used.
Links & Snippets
Announcements
- EPSRC
Research Fellow post,
Birmingham UK, to work on Fractals & Cancer.
- Design
and Complexity MScA (design et
complexité) ,
Université de Montréal
- International
Master Economics &
Complexity,
Università degli Studi di Salerno
- SFI Graduate Workshop in
Computational
Economics, Santa Fe, NM,
01/07/15-28 (Limited
Participation)
- The 3nd Symp. on Systems
Res. in the Arts Music,
Environmental Design, and the Choreography of
Space, Baden-Baden,
Germany, 01/07/30-08/04
- SFI Complex
Systems Summer School,
Budapest, Santa Fe,
NM, 01/07/16-08/10 (Limited
Participation)
- SFI Workshop on Poverty
Traps," Santa Fe, NM,
01/07/20-22 (Limited
Participation)
- 6th
Experimental Chaos Conference
Potsdam, Germany
01/07/22-26
- Fractal
Structures and
Self-Organization,
L'Habana, Cuba, 01/07/23-28
- Intl. Conf.
DYNAMICAL NETWORKS IN COMPLEX
SYSTEMS, Kiel, Germany,
01/07/25-27
- SFI
Summer Workshop: Mathematical Models in Molecular and
Cellular Biology, Santa
Fe, New Mexico, 01/07/29-08/10
(Limited Participation)
- 11th
Annual International Conference The Society For Chaos
Theory in Psychology & Life
Sciences, Madison, WI,
USA, 01/08/3-6
- 5th
Intl Conf on COMPUTING ANTICIPATORY
SYSTEMS, Liege, Belgium,
01/08/13-18
- Artificial
Life Models for Musical
Applications,
Workshop
of the 6th European Conference on Artificial
Life, Prague, Czech
Republic, 01/09/09-14
- Complex
Systems And Sports,
Barcelona, Spain, 01/09/14-15
- SFI Workshop on Economic
Inequality and Economic
Sustainability, Santa Fe,
NM, 01/09/21-23 (Limited
Participation)
- Frontiers
in Social Sciences
Simulations, Kazimierz
Dolny, Poland, 01/09/21-23
- Adaptive
Agents, Intelligence and Emergent Human Organization:
Capturing Complexity through Agent-Based
Modeling, Arthur M.
Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences,
Irving CA, 01/10/5-6
- International
Symposium on Technology, Economic and Social Applications
of Distributed Intelligence
(TESADI'01) at the
2001
IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics (SMC'01),
Tucson, Arizona, USA, 01/10/7-10
- Workshop
On Interdisciplinary Studies And
Complexity, National
University of Mexico, 01/10/22-26
- 1st
Asia-Pacific Conf On Web
Intelligence, Maebashi
TERRSA, Maebashi City, Japan, 01/10/23-26
- International
Conference on Systems Thinking Globally
Concerned,
University of Vienna and Vienna University of
Technology, 01/11/01-04
- Digitizing
Decisions and Markets,
Decision Sciences Institute Annual Meeting, San
Francisco, 01/11/17-20
- From
Worker to Colony: Understanding the Organisation of
Insect Societies, Isaac
Newton Institute, Cambridge, UK. , 01/12/7-8
- Complex
Systems , Modeling
Nonlinear Natural and Human
Systems,
Hawaii
International Conference On System
Sciences, HICSS-35,
Hawaii, 02/01/7-10
- ComDig
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